Color is among the most important factors that affect the aesthetic appearance of artificial teeth were prepared by using 3% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (3%Y-TZP) in four zirconia systems (Z-Y, Z-T, Z-T-A, Z-T-G), Titania (TiO2) nano and micro was added in weight ratios (2,4,15,20,25) %. Alumina (Al2O3) was added in weight ratios (6.5 and 12) %. and lithium disilicate glass (Li2Si2O5) was added in weight ratios (12.5 and 25) %. The specimens were formed using a uniaxial hydraulic press at a pressure of 3 tons and sintered for (2 hrs.) at 1200 ◦C, 1400 ◦C, and 1500 ◦C, several properties were examined physical, mechanical, and structural properties Also, thermal conductivity, and both surface roughness and microhardness all were studied before and after immersion in artificial saliva and tea. Where the specimens were immersed in artificial saliva for (24 hrs) for three months, and then the specimens were immersed in tea for half an hour daily for three months. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) results show the tetragonal phase as the main phase with a small percentage of monoclinic phase due to 3% yttria addition and tetragonal zirconia has excellent mechanical properties such as fracture toughness. and scanning electron microscope (SEM) results indicate homogeneous grain distribution and low apparent porosity. At 1500°C, the addition of 25% nano titania decreased apparent porosity from 0.2 to 0.05, 16% titania-alumina decreased it from 0.2 to 0.04, and 29% titania-glass decreased it from 0.2 to 0.03. Water absorption decreased with lower apparent porosity. Apparent density increased with nano titania: 25% from 4.06 g/cm3 to 4.95 g/cm3, 16% of titania-alumina from 4.06 g/cm3 to 5 g/cm3, and 29% of titania-glass increased from 4.06 g/cm3 to 5.45 g/cm3. microhardness increased at an additional ratio of 25% nano TiO2 from (450 MPa) to (1100 MPa), at 16% (titania-alumina) increased from (450 MPa) to (1200 MPa) and at 29 % (titania-glass) increased from (450 MP) to (1250 MPa) so the best value of microhardness was obtained at a 29% titania-glass and diametrical strength increased to more than (75 MPa) at a ratio of 25% of nano TiO2. Specimens immersed in artificial saliva and tea for 3 months showed no changes in surface roughness and microhardness. Vita shade (3D-Master) results indicated that the color values of L, R, and M closely matched those of natural teeth. Notably, the mixture containing 29% Z-T-G exhibited excellent color stability, making it one of the top-performing mixtures in terms of maintaining color integrity.

Natural teeth are exposed to diseases and accidents that lead to tooth damage, so replace natural teeth with artificial teeth that suit the oral environment. This research studies the possibility of toughing and improving the mechanical, and physical properties of the zirconia systems through added alumina to the zirconia for the teeth industry. Specimens were prepared from 3%mol(Y2O3) yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP) with added alumina (Al2O3) with particle size (50nm Nano, 50μm micro) at different Wight ratios (2, 4, 15, 20, and 25) %. The specimens were formed by a uniaxial and isostatic pressing hydraulic press (3) Ton and sintering at 1570 ºC for 2 hrs. The dental specimen's physical (Apparent porosity, Apparent density, Water apportions, surface roughness) mechanical properties (Vickers micro hardness, Diametrical strength, and wear rate), and weight loss were investigated. In X-ray diffraction, it appears the main phase is tetragonal as a result of the addition of yttria to stop phase transitions in zirconia. It showed that the specimens consisted of two materials: tetra crystalline zirconia (Y-TZP) stabilized with yttria and alumina after sintering at 1570 ⁰C. The specimens showed in Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) that the distribution of materials is homogeneous in the specimens, the absence of pores and dense materials, and the appearance of the tetragonal crystals of zirconia. The results showed the physical properties of the specimens, decreased the porosity appeared close to zero (0.09) %, and the apparent density increased to (4.95) mg/cm3 when 25% Nano-alumina was added to (Y-TZP). They also showed an increase in mechanical properties such as hardness (1241) Mpa and diametrical strength when 25% Nano-alumina was added to (Y-TZP) and appeared low wear rate when a weight of (50,100) N for half an hour. The specimens of zirconia systems were immersed in artificial saliva for 24 hrs and immersed in the acid solution (acetic acid and citric acid) for half an hour per day for three months. After immersion, surface roughness, hardness, weight loss, and wear rate were tested. The results showed no change in surface roughness and hardness of the specimens. The results also showed no increase in the wear rate and no weight loss of the zirconia system specimens. The specimens prepared from alumina-toughened zirconia have good mechanical properties and are suitable for the dental industry in the oral environment.

The aim of this study is to develop the specifications of unsaturated polyester (UPE) resin by adding natural fibers and natural particles as reinforcing material. These natural filler materials are chosen to be sisal fiber (SF) as natural fiber and pomegranate shell particle (PSP) and coconut shell particle (CSP) as natural particles. Both types used were treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to increase the connection with the UPE before using it as a reinforced material. In this study, the selected weight fractions (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.%) for the natural particles and for natural fiber were selected to be (2%) in all cases. Hence, the effects of variables (weight fracture) were investigated on the mechanical properties (impact strength, wear rate, hardness, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and surface roughness) and the physical properties (density, water absorption, and thermal conductivity). In addition, miscibility and morphology tests were also studied. Results showed compared with pure UPE, a clear improvement in the mechanical properties of the UPE reinforced with sisal fibers. When (5wt%) CSP was added to the fiber-particle reinforced polyester, the flexural modulus increased (22%), but decreased (33%), when PSP was added at the same ratio. The flexural strength increases when the ratio of CSP particles rises but reduces with a rising PSP ratio. It's interesting to note that the impact strength value increased (7%) when adding (5 wt.%) CSP and (23% when adding PSP in the same ratio, while it decreased at higher ratios. The maximum shear increased (16%) with reinforced PSP (5 wt.%) and (45%) with reinforced CSP (20 wt.%). The surface roughness value continuously rises as the additive ratio increases. The hardness increases when polyester is reinforced with all filler types (CSP and PSP), while increasing by 16 percent with PSP and by 21 percent with CSP. Wear rate decreases when it is reinforced with CSP and PSP; also, the highest density was at (15, 20) wt.% of PE/sisal/CSP hybrid composite when reinforced with all additives added in varying amounts. Water absorption decreases when SF and CSP are added but rises when PSP is added, reaching a maximum of 15%. Thermal conductivity increased by 4% when reinforced with sisal fiber, 24% when PSP (20w.%) was added, and 68% when CSP was added at the same ratio. Finally, with PE reinforced with (SF, PSP, and CSP), the specific heat increases, and the maximum value is set at 20%. For miscibility and morphological tests, the results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) on sisal fiber before and after treatments showed that the bonding process had been accelerated because the band intensity in the treated fibers was less intense than that in the untreated fibers. As for the results of the scanning electron microscope test (SEM), they were carried out for the polyester matrix, where impact test samples with percentages of 5% and 20% were used for each of the UPE with PSP and the UPE with CSP. When reinforced with PSP, the particles' distribution became somewhat unbound in some areas and had a heterogeneous structure. When the composite was reinforced with CSP, it had a fairly uniform distribution of submerged particles within the polyester resin and a strong bonding between the particles, the resin, and the fibers. Finally theses samples can use in many application such as, Automobiles, airplanes, furnishings, construction and other structural application.

Aluminum metal matrix composites (AMMCs) are an imported type in material science, and their applications have been increasingly applied during the past years, especially in wear resistant materials, it is an essential factor to consider as it directly affects the lifespan and performance of the brake pad. This research has found that the improvements in the wear rate and mechanical properties (hardness and compressive strength) of aluminum matrix composites can be made of Al/SiCn composites and Al/SiCn/Grµ hybrid composite by using the powder metallurgy technique. This work deals with, Al/SiCn composite includes the additional nano silicon carbide particles SiCn with different volume fraction (2, 4, 6, 8,10 to pure Al) while for Al/SiCn/Grµ hybrid composites a further addition was (1,3,5) by volume friction of micro-graphite particles (Grµ) with different particle size at 3% Gr. The starting powder was wet (magnetic stirrer, ultrasonic) and dry (heating 80 °C for one hour and oven 80 °C -2h) in oven for mixing the best uniform distribution was achieved by this method. Then compacted via cold pressed at 180 MPa for 3 min and sintered for 2 hours at 620 °C on AMCS, mechanical and tribological properties and intermetallic composite examination via XRD diffraction were studied. Also, Optical and SEM were used to investigate the morphology of mixed powders and some nanocomposite samples. Results of optical microscopy images of mixed powders for the Al matrix and hybrid nanopowders (SiC + Gr) indicate good mixing between the different micro and nanopowders and homogenous distribution of nanopowders in the Al matrix, SEM micrographs of the fracture surface of the hybrid composite showed the plastic deformation of hard ceramic(SiC) with high porosity of solid lubricant(Gr). The X-Ray results showed no intermediate phase appeared between SiC, Gr and Al, the SiC, Gr intensity increased as the volume fraction of them increased. The physical properties of the hybrid composite, including, density and porosity of sintered specimens were also characterized by Archimedes technique. As an increase via porosity percent and decrease in density had found as the volume fraction of SiC, Gr increased. Mechanical properties of the hybrid composite showed great improvement compared to pure Al, the highest values for microhardness and compressive strength were achieved by Al/6% SiC/3% Gr at 75µm particle size of Gr (220 HV) and Al/6 % SiC (154.6 MPa), respectively. Tribological properties assessed the composites resistance to wear and its frictional behavior under sliding contact, the results were evaluated to identify favorable volume fraction and particle size combinations that exhibited reduced wear and coefficient friction rate, the best-recorded result as (0.242) at Al/4% SiC/1% Gr, (0.105) at Al/5%Gr for wear and coefficient friction.

his work aims to enhance the mechanical properties (compression strength, flexural strength, impact strength tensile strength and hardness) of Polylactic Acid (PLA), a 3D printed Polymer material. The fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique was used to produce the 3D printed samples. The polymer filaments were manufactured into 3D prints using locally-made 3D printer. And the specimens were designed by a software that transfers design patterns into the moving printer head with a nozzle that pushes the melted polymer into the final shape. Three specimens of each type have been tested with a selected infill ratios (30, 50, and 70%) and infill pattern (line, gyroud, and tri-hexagon). The results showed that the 70 percent infill ratio with linear pattern had the highest compressive strength, in case of the compression test, the test was done using general-purpose (EN772-1) manual compression testing machine for blocks, cubes and cylinders in accordance with the standard specification (ASTM D695), Tri-hexagon infill pattern with 70% infill ratio proved to have the highest values of Flexural strength in the case of Flexural Test, which performed using 3-point bending method according to (ASTM D-790). By universal testing machine (UTM) from (ADMET)/USA. The flexural strength of the samples was calculated and given from the testing machine instantly when the test was finished, the impact strength of samples was determined by using an impact taster according to ISO-179 standards. The impact strength of the specimens was calculated in unit kJ/m2 . Tri-hexagon infill pattern with 70% infill ratio proved to have the highest values of Impact strength in the case ofImpact Test. The tension test was accomplished on samples with standard dimensions according to (ASTM D-638) , by using tensile machine made in UK from AZoMaterials (Testometric AT-S and CT- S models). A crosshead speed of (5 mm/min) was employed as the test speed, Linear infill pattern with 70% infill ratio proved to have the highest values of both Young’s modulus and tensile strength in the case of Tensile Test. Hardness (Shore D) test shows that the maximum hardness value was found at the base side of the specimens and the result of hardness test for all surfaces of the sample were in the hardness standard properties range of (PLA) which is between (67 – 85). The results also showed that the 30 percent infill ratio with Gyroud pattern had the highest compressive strength, Tri-hexagon infill pattern with 30% infill ratio proved to have the highest values of Flexural strength in the case of Flexural Test, The same pattern and infill ratio also had the highest values of Impact strength in the case of Impact Test, Linear infill pattern with 30% infill ratio proved to have the highest values of both Young’s modulus and tensile strength in the case of Tensile Test. In case of 50 percent infill ratio the Line pattern had the highest compressive strength, Tri-hexagon infill pattern with 50% infill ratio proved to have the highest values of Flexural strength in the case of Flexural Test, and the same pattern and infill ratio also had the highest values of Impact strength in the case of Impact Test, Gyroud infill pattern with 50% infill ratio proved to have the highest values of Young’s modulus, the Line pattern had the highest tensile strength in the case of Tensile Test.

Copper Oxide thin films with nano rod-like structures have been prepared by using chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. Both the effect of the annealing temperature (400 and 500 ⁰C) and concentration (0.050, 0,075 and 0.1 M) on the prepared samples were studied. Some tests were carried out for the structural properties (XRD, FESEM, and AFM), optical properties (UV-Visible and Reflectance), and electrical properties (DC-conductivity and Seebeck effect). The results of the X-ray diffraction test revealed that the films have the most obvious peak patterns at 35.60 and 38.72, which belong to the two orientations (002) and (111), respectively, and they have a monoclinic crystal phase. It was found that before heat treatment, the films are weakly crystallized. After annealing, the films have improved crystalline quality, and the CuO thin film posses little dependence on precursor concentration. FE-SEM measurement indicated that the as-deposited film showed irregular shapes. However, after annealing, the morphology is changed to nano-rod shapes. EDS examination confirmed the presence of Cu and O elements in the films, with no peaks indicating the presence of any impurities was observed. The results of the optical properties showed that the prepared films at 0.1 M have a high absorption coefficient of about 104 cm-1 and an energy gap ranging from 1.55 to 2.2 eV. Consequently, CuO is a good candidate for solar cell applications.

For the successful drilling for oil and gas, the drilling fluids are essential materials. In drilling applications, the most commonly used drilling fluids are water-based fluids. They are the first fluids of choice for drilling applications because of their cost-effective, environmentally friendly and non-hazardous nature and locally sourced materials. The major problem is that the gel strength of the drilling fluids produced using local substitutes is too low and the fluid loss is too high. As a result, drilling processes are not sutitable for drilling fluids affected. Drilling operations will be successful when suitable drilling fluids are used to minimize or control hole problems. Numerous studies have been carried out to improve the drilling fluids used in drilling oil wells. Recently, nanotechnology applications have shown a positive impact on drilling fluid technology. The objective of this study is to formulate locally drilling fluids supported nanomaterials to improve the filtration and rheological properties related to these fluids. The attapulgite claystone of Bahar Al-Najaf region is known with (43.4 and 13.9 wt %) of calcite and quartz minerals, respectively. This work is devoted to develop the attapulgite clay which exist at Bahar Al-Najaf region (studying area) to be suitable for oil wells drilling mud. The target of this work is matding the standarels of attapulgite clays of Bahar Al-Najaf with those related to the American Petroleum Institute (API). In order to reach this target; the undesirable material (calcite and quartz particles with diameter greater than 75 µm) should be removed. In addition developing the dispersion of attapulgite rods, should be obtained. In this work, Iraqi attapulgite clay was processed with acetic acid with concentration of (1.138) M, and wet sieving condition was performed with speed 1800 rpm for 20 min and 38 µm mesh size to make it suitable in oil wells drilling mud preparation, MgO/TiO2 Nano-composite was prepared by sol-gel method and liquid phase precipitation method at different weights of (0.02, 0.05, 0.08) g. XRD and FE-SEM tests were utilized for mineralogical and morphological identification respectively and Ofite viscometer. Ofite Low-Pressure Filter Press were used to measure the rheological and filtration properties of the produced attapulgite from the investigated processes before and after addition of different Nanoparticles. For the wet sieving process, the results showed that the stirring speed and stirring time had great effect on raising the yield of the process. The results of upgrading process with acid treatment for separated attapulgite using the weak acid (acetic acid) showed promising outcome to remove whole calcite mineral without causing any damage to attapulgite morphology. Therefore, upgrading attapulgite clay with acetic acid gave best rheological properties. The results, after addition with different nanomaterials, assured that: Magnesium oxide showed a great contribution to apparent viscosity and plastic viscosity by 16% of attapulgite aqueous suspensions. Titanium dioxide nano particles (TiO2 NPs) showed a good reduction percentage (-4%) in filtrate volume when added to Attapulgite drilling mud, It was noticed that the material (TiO2 NPs) improved the viscosity rate by 2% slightly. Both nanomaterials gave little improvement in the density of drilling mud (MgO, TiO2) nanoparticles in the rate of (2 and 2.1) % respectively. Based on the previous results, the concentrations of nanomaterials that gave the best improvement for filtration properties and viscosity were selected to be (0.05, 0.08) g.

The world is evolving toward extending the life of commodities and decreasing waste by recycling. The purpose of this study is to improve resistance of epoxy against the corrosive conditions by reinforcing it with available chemically resist materials have low cost. This study suggests using the glass waste (G.W) to prepare polymer matrix composites (PMCs) for different applications. Four sets of samples were prepared of (50%) weight fraction, two sets of samples were made and treated at ambient temperature, while others were treated at 50°C for two hours. Each set included either reinforced or unreinforced epoxy. These samples were immersed in different media (Tap Water, (0.5N) NaOH, (0.5N)HCl, Kerosene and Benzene).To find out the resistance of the epoxy after reinforcing, some physical and mechanical tests were carried out, including Optical Microscope, Density, Absorption, Hardness, Compressive strength, Elasticity Modulus, Flexural and Impact Strength. After seven months of immersion, physical and mechanical properties remained unchanged for the composites, in contrast to pure epoxy which all its properties had decreased, that clarified by microscopic images. Composites reinforced by glass particles show an increase in physical and mechanical properties, when compared to elegant epoxy resin alone and remains constant during the immersion period at ambient temperature as well as at 50°C. The increase in the ratio of Vickers hardness, Compressing strength and Elasticity Modulus were (67%, 14% and 62%) respectively at room temperature, while Flexural and Impact strength were (44MPa) and (8 kJ/m2 ) respectively. In addition, the results showed an improvement in those properties of the reinforced and unreinforced samples cured at 50°C. The solutions that had the highest effect on pure epoxy were (HCl and water). This indicates that epoxy acquire resistance after reinforcing with glass waste. It showed good resistance to absorbance of solutions. This encourages glass waste recycling by producing composites with low cost, and with high resistance to corrosive media that may be used for a variety of applications.

In recent years, waste has spread in its different forms, metallic, plastic and glass, so this research aims to invest and recycle metallic waste to manufacture new composite material and study its characteristics. This study involves the preparation of two polymer matrix composites which are inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and utilitarian by the hand lay-up process. Unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) was used as a matrix reinforced with metallic wastes such as Al flakes in one composite and Fe filings in the other composite with different weight fractions (0, 10, 30, 40 and 50) % . All samples were subjected to mechanical and physical tests such as (bending, tensile, hardness, flexural, shear, impact, wear, friction and density tests), and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) of fractured samples' surfaces was conducted. It was found that 10 % wt. of (UPR-Al flakes) is the best reinforcement ratio in tensile, hardness, flexural and shear strength, and Young's modulus tests. (SEM) micrographs showed there is a good distribution at 10 % of Al flakes inside the matrix, and the polyester covers the fillers completely. This denotes an excellent interstitial adhesion between them. While the 50 % wt. of reinforcement was optimum ratio in the impact strength, wear rate, and density where the percentage of increasing in the impact strength and density was approximately 32 %, and 24 %, respectively and the wear rate decreased by 92 %. As for the (UPR-Fe filings), it was found that the addition of iron filings increased Young's modulus by 35 %, and the density by 79 % at 50 % wt. The optimum value for impact strength and hardness observed at 30 % wt. with increasing 43% and 8 % respectively, while when 10 % wt. of Fe filings was added, the tensile strength was increased with 8 %, and the wear rate was decreased with 96 %.

In this work, iron sulfide thin films were prepared by the tilt chemical spray pyrolysis. Two different salts were used (iron nitrate, iron chloride), (FeCl3, Fe(NO3) 3.9H2O), and three different proportions of thiourea (NH2)2C.S was used (1.25M, 1M, 0.75M) to obtain sulfur, and two different temperatures (200°C, 350°C) were used. The prepared thin films by thiourea (1M) were annealed at temperature (400°C) in the presence of sulfur and argon gas. The structural, optical, and electrical properties were studied. The structural properties analysis showed that the thin films prepared with thiourea concentration (1.25M, 0.75M) are amorphous structure and irregularly shaped films. The thin films prepared with thiourea concentration (1M) are amorphous structures in the thin film prepared from iron nitrate salt, the thin film prepared from iron chloride salt contains two phases (pyrite, marcasite), the thin films also have regular shapes nanostructured. The annealed thin films are polycrystalline for the thin film prepared at 350°C for the thin film prepared at 200°C, the XRD analysis showed the start of the crystallization process. The study of the optical properties, by calculating the energy gap of the permissible indirect transmission, and the energy gap values were between (1.53-1.26 eV), and the Seebeck examination showed that the films prepared were p-type, that the prepared films have an absorption coefficient between (2 x 105cm-1-1.1). x105cm-1). As the Seebeck analysis showed that the prepared films are p-type, that the prepared films have an absorption coefficient between (2x105cm-1-1.1x105cm-1), The electrical properties were studied and it was found that the conductivity at the range (0.2(.cm)-1- 3.1(.cm)-1). The thin films were used in the application of the DSSCs as the counter electrode and it was found that the highest efficiency was (6.3%) for the films prepared with thiourea concentration (1.25M).

A low-cost refractory mortar was prepared from medium alumina refractory brick grog and local Iraqi raw materials (Kaolin , Bentonite ). That can be used in building and coating furnaces walls works at high temperatures. The medium alumina refractory bricks were crushed, grinned then saving into three different sizes (coarse - medium - fine) then mixed as (50% coarse, 30% medium and 20% fine. ). two types of mortar (Kaolin - Mortar) (Bentonite - Mortar) were prepared by adding clays in different weight percentages (10, 15, 20, 30, 40)%. The specimens were prepared by hand-forming method, then dried at room temperature for (24) hrs, then firing at (1150) °C, physical mechanical, thermal and microscopic tests were carved out to study the ability of refractory mortar in thermal application. The results shows that the apparent porosity decreases with the addition of clays (Kaolin-Bentonite) and the highest apparent porosity were (29.53% for K-mortar) and (27.785% for B-mortar) at 10% clay, the water absorption decreases with the increase in the percentage of clays (Kaolin-Bentonite) addition and that the highest water absorption ratio were (25.52% for B-mortar) and (24.6% for K-mortar) at 10% clay, in contrast to the apparent density increases with an increase in clays(Kaolin-Bentonite) percentage (2.4g/cm3 for K-mortar) (2.6g/cm3 for B -mortar) at 40%clay. As for the specific heat capacity, it decreases with the increase in the percentage of clays (Kaolin- Bentonite) addition. the highest specific heat capacity were (900.15J/kg .k for K-mortar) and (877.26J/kg .k for B-mortar) at 10% clay, the thermal expansion increases with an increase in the percentage of clays (Kaolin-Bentonite) were (3.65 1/°C for K-mortar) and (5.71 1/°C for B-mortar) at 40%clay, It was noticed that Thermal conductivity increases with increasing of clays (Kaolin- Bentonite) addition and the highest thermal conductivity were (10.23 w/m.k for K-mortar) and (12.39w/m.k for Bmortar) at 40% clay. The bond strength increases with increasing clays (Kaolin-Bentonite) addition and the highest binding strength were (4Mpa for K-mortar) and (3.8Mpa for B-mortar) is at 40%clay. X-ray diffraction shows that the two types of refractory mortar (Kaolin - Mortar) and (Bentonite – Mortar) consist of two main phases, mullite and cristobalite, after firing at (1150) ℃.

The Pure homogeneous Barium Titanate with formula (BaTiO3) was prepared by Solid State reaction method, from Barium Carbonate (BaCO3) and Titanium Oxide (TiO2) as raw materials having micro size by mixing of molar ratio ]1:1[, powders (disk shape ceramic samples) were calcined at (900, 1000, 1100, 1200, and 1350)◦ C. The resulting powders were characterized using XRD, Scanning electron microscopy was performed to verify the preferred method in producing fine Barium Titanate powder. Then, the X-ray diffraction patterns were compared for both the micro and nano powder, with different sintering temperatures. The homogeneous fine nano and micro powders of Barium Titanate were doped with silicon dioxide with different ratios (1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5) wt. %, each ratio separately. Then sintering at different temperatures (1000 - 1300) ◦ C with disk shape ceramics samples was performed. According to X-ray diffraction, the pattern for this method manifested all the peaks of Barium Titanate powder shown well fitted to the positions of the peaks of the standard tetragonal phase and with preferred crystalline size for the powder calcined. For the physical properties of the pure and doped samples, it was observed that the addition of SiO2 effects on the physical properties, water absorption ability decreases with the decrease in the apparent porosity when sintering temperature increases, and that the volumetric shrinkage decreases with the bulk density decrease when the ratio of SiO2 content is increased. For the Dielectric properties (Real dielectric constant ԑ', Imaginary dielectric constant ԑ", Tangent of loss angle (Tan δ)), the results evinced raising and lowering in their value according to the ratio of SiO2 but in general, lowering in their value with changing measurement field frequency. For the diametrical strength test, the results elucidated raising when adding (SiO2) at temperatures 1000 ◦C, 1100 ◦C, and 1200◦C, but up to the temperature of 1300 ◦C reduces the BaTiO3 diametrical strength value.

In this research, titanium dioxide nanoparticles were synthesized by the solid state reaction method, then all of the aluminum and copper materials were added to the nanoscale size and were added in three ratios that are (3%, 5% and 7% (wt.)) and the use of the dry press method through a hydraulic press from one direction, using a mold of diameter (10 mm) to obtain a ceramic compressed dimension that was firing at a temperature of 1100 °C. The physical properties, which include loss mass. The addition of (3% wt.) ratio for aluminum has a large percentage of mass loss. Also adding copper (3% wt.) had a large mass loss in the shrinkage amount of the material, when adding aluminum at a (3% wt.) ratio it found that the highest shrinkage percentage among the added rates. Adding copper on (7% wt.) ratio is the highest among shrinkage the added rates. The thermal conductivity are studied for all samples that include pure with the added proportions and compared between them when adding the proportions for aluminum the ratio of (5% wt.) is the highest conductivity between the used ratios. As for copper, also; it was found that the highest conductivity evaluated is for the ratio (5% wt.). The dielectric constant property and the effect of adding the metal to titanium dioxide are studied. It was found percentage (3% wt.) for aluminum being the highest, while the added rates for copper are the highest percentage is (5% wt.) . For the mechanical properties, which included the hardness and the Brazilian Test, when adding percentage from aluminum toTiO2 (3% wt.) Ratio showed is the highest hardness value between other ratios and when adding copper also the highest hardness found on (3% wt.) ratio, As well as, the material strength value the compressibility imposed on it through the Brazilian test when adding aluminum a compressibility of (5% wt.) was obtained, when copper was added, the highest compressive value was obtained with respect to the added proportions which was (7% wt.). Material's structure of the samples are studied using XRD to study the phases during the temperature of 1100 °C, how the phase shifted when adding aluminum and copper to titanium dioxide. As well as, the vibrational effects of atoms through FTIR and the ability of the molecules to absorb are reported. The samples surface, intermolecular bonding through SEM and chemical concentrations were studied through EDX and also taking surface pictures of the samples through an optical microscope, know the surface morphologies and roughness all samples by AFM

Silicon carbide described among the advanced ceramic materials and has wide applications. Porous ceramics were fabricated from silicon carbide in this research. Silicon carbide characterized by a high melting temperature.so, it is always referred to as being linked to materials with a lower melting point, including bentonite raw as one of the clays types. Generating gases technique from the reaction of hydrochloric acid HCl with aluminum was used in (silicon carbide bentonite) suspension , And by molding bentonite in a rubber silicon mold, adding different weight ratios of bentonite (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 wt.%) to prepare high-porosity bodies, and then drying and firing at (1100 and 1300oC). the X-ray diffraction analysis results were studied, it was founded that the main phases appeared after the firing process were (α and β –SiC) with quartz and mullite, where a part of (β –SiC) transformed into (α-SiC) when the temperature rises from (1100 OC to 1300 OC) with the increase of both the mullite phase and the transformation of a part of the Quartz to Tridymite and Cristobalite. The increase of bentonite led to an increase in the pH up to (10.3) to an increase in the basicity of the suspension, which means that the energy reaction could be increased by adding both hydrochloric acid HCl and aluminum. The porosity of the prepared samples measured, it was found that it decreased with the increase in bentonite percentage after the firing process. The porosity values ranged between (57.4% and 72.3%). Also the same behavior was for the water absorption rate, and it ranged between (67.4% and 82.2%). As for the bulk density was increased with percentage of bentonite and the firing temperature increases. In general, its value ranged from (0.88 to 1.25 g/cm3 ), so the hardness and compressive strength was increased with increasing the percentage of added bentonite in the range from (4.35 MPa to 6.35 MPa.) These values were good within the characterization of porous bodies. As for the thermal properties, the thermal conductivity coefficient decreased with an increase in the added bentonite percentage. The thermal conductivity Values ranged between (9.5 W/m.k and 18.6 W/m.k) when firing at (1100oC), but it increased with the increase of firing temperature up to (1300oC) and ranged between (11.3 W/m.k and 19.8 W/m.k). These values were within the expected of silicon carbide and bentonite ranged between (623J/kg.k and 661 J/kg.k). As for the permeability of water, it was measured in Darcy’s method and its value was great compared to the permeability of other porous bodies and ranged between (2×10-9 m 2 and17×10-9 m 2 ) and its behavior was similar to that of porosity. From the above results it was clear that this type of porous (SiC-bentonite) composites can be used in fluid filtration with high efficiency especially at high temperatures. In addition the shape of the pores connected to the surface was variable depending on both the bentonite additives and firing temperature. This change includes the pores size and the samples surface distribution and this was approved using optical microscope image.

In this study, zirconia matrix stabilized in the tetragonal phase was prepared by adding yttrium oxide (3% mol.Y2O3) with a homogeneous distribution for different weight additions of (2%, 5%, 7%, and 10%) wt. of FMWCNTs as reinforced to form (3% mol.Y2O3-ZrO2 / F-MWCNTs ) nanocomposite materials using pressing uniaxially (624) MPa in the cylindrical metal-die to form pellets of (10 mm diameter), Then, the pellets were sintered in air at (1550 °C) for two hours. The results showed that changing the percentage of reinforcement and matrix has a great influence on the measured properties and as follows: The samples were tested to obtain the physical and mechanical properties of samples depending on the distribution of F-MWCNTs in the matrix as the densities (Green, Bulk, and Theoretical), porosity and linear shrinkage. The maximum values of densities can be at the ratio (2% wt.) of F-MWCNTs; also the minimum values of porosity and linear shrinkage can be at the ratio (2% wt.) of F-MWCNTs Besides, the mechanical properties where the microhardness was studied by vickers indentation method and Brazilian test to demonstrate the toughness. The maximum values of the vickers hardness and compression strength obtained at the ratio (2% wt., 5%wt.) of F-MWCNTs. The samples were characterized by using XRD analysis to determine the phase composition of samples and the microstructure, and the fracture surface of the materials was studied using SEM and EDS, also was characterized by using FTIR to determine the vibrational mode after treated MWCNTs.Besides, the cell viability of samples by MTT assay was studied to investigate the activity of composite (3% mol. Y2O3-ZrO2) (10%) wt. FMWCNTs in killing the tumor cells. The results elucidated the best antibacterial activity of samples at concentration (150 µg.mL-1 ) of the ratio (7% wt., 10% wt.) of F-MWCNTs, where three types of bacteria pathogen (E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus) manifested an excellent antibacterial activity , also the good results of adhesion bacterial against bacteria pathogen (E. coli) can be seen at the ratio (7% wt., 10% wt.) of F-MWCNTs where proved a potential application in teeth/bone implantation to decrease the bacterial load in some areas with a high exposure to bacterial contamination.

Porcelain is one of the most important ceramic materials used as insulation and to improve the isolation properties were added rice husk ash and nano materials (Alumina, Titania) were added separately. Porcelain mixtures were prepared from Iraqi raw materials; five mixtures (A, B, C, D and E) were produced with different percentages of kaolin, silica sand and feldspar. The powders were compacted as discs shape with diameter (13 mm) by semi-dry pressing with (2 tons) applied pressure for (2 minutes). The samples were sintered at two different temperatures (1200⁰C and 1250⁰C), and the socking time was (2 hr). XRD and SEM of pure porcelain samples showed that the main crystalline phases of porcelain were mullite and quartz. It was observed that with increase sintering temperature, the porosity and water absorption decreased, while the bulk density and shrinkage increased, and it can be observed that the porosity, water absorption, shrinkage deceased while the bulk density increase when increased feldspar content. The mechanical properties of pure porcelain samples were measured. As for the dielectric properties of pure porcelain, it can be noticed with increasing of feldspar percentage, dielectric constant decreased while the dielectric strength increased. Where, the best sample was prepared physical, mechanical and dielectric properties obtained the C sample (50% kaolin, 25% feldspar, and 25 % silica sand) sintered at 1250°C.Rice husk ash was prepared and added to mixture C instead of quartz in different percentages (5, 10, 15, 20) wt %, formed with desk shape and sintered at 1250°C, it was observed the dielectric constant and the dielectric strength increase with increase rice husk ash. Nano materials (nano alumina and nano titania) were added to mixture C in different percentages (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2) wt%, each nano material was separately, formed with desk shape and sintered at 1250°C. Dielectric constant, dielectric loss and dielectric strength increased when adding nano alumina and nano titania to porcelain.

Crude petroleum is a main source of energy, and has different quality around the world which affected the petroleum refining industry. In this work porous ceramic was prepared from Iraqi Local kaolin with (70%) and alumina (30%), for the purpose of improvement the properties of filter and enhancement the formation of the mullite phase. These materials used considered low cost materials, environmentally friendly, harmless and recyclable. Furthermore, there were natural additions of palm fronds (P.F) in different ratios (5, 10, 15, 25, 35 and 45) % and different sizes (fine, medium and coarse) in order to create pores materials. Porous ceramic specimens was formed in disc shape with diameter (25) mm by dry pressing with a load of (5 tons) for testing while others formed in balls shape with diameters ranging between (20-25) mm by a cold forming. porous ceramic specimens were firing at 1200ᵒC by a firing program with a soaking time for (2hr). The practical results obtained for the porous ceramic based on the additives ratio showed that the apparent porosity and water absorption ratio increased with increasing of (P.F) addition ratios. The highest apparent porosity ratio for filter was (60.7%) with 45% ratio of fine (P.F), the highest water absorption ratio for filter was (89.3%) with 45% ratio of fine (P.F). Apparent density decreased with the increase of (P.F) additive ratio, the lowest apparent density for filter was (0.68 g/cm3 ) with 45% ratio of fine (P.F).While, the mechanical properties decreased with the increase of (P.F) additive ratio. Crude petroleum treated by filters with 30% ratio of fine, medium and coarse (P.F), Tests conducted on Properties (Physico-chemical) of crude petroleum for all filter for 7 days, The results elucidated that the filters with30% ratio of fine (P.F) were better in purifying crude petroleum therefore filters with this ratio submerged for 14 days. The result obtained for crude petroleum manifested that the (American Petroleum Institute gravity (API) for crude petroleum was (24.70), API for crude petroleum after treated with filter of 30% ratio of fine (P.F) for 14 days was (32.5). Moreover, Sulfur content for crude petroleum was (3.76wt.%), while sulfur content for crude petroleum after treated with filter of 30% ratio of fine (P.F) for 14 days was (2.6wt. %). Carbon residue for crude petroleum was (8.8wt.%), while Carbon residue for crude petroleum after treated with filter of 30% ratio of fine (P.F) for 14 days was (4.53wt.%). Also, Asphaltenes content for crude petroleum was (6.68wt.%) compared to crude petroleum after treated with filter of 30% ratio of fine (P.F) for 14 days was (1.6wt.%). Finally, Metallic content (Ni, V, Fe) for crude petroleum were respectively (32,86,1.32) ppm, while these metallic content for crude petroleum after treated with filter of 30% ratio of fine (P.F) for 14 days were respectively (11.43,47.52,0.73) ppm. All these results obtained within the required standards by the companies importing Iraqi crude petroleum.

Copper foams were manufactured by using powder metallurgy technique, then the dissolution and sintering process was conducted Copper powder with particle size (0.45 - 1.18 mm) was used as a raw material with K2CO3 and Sugar powder having same particle size between (0.2 – 1.18 mm) as a space holder. Porosity, foam density, compressive strength ,Young’s modulus, yield stress, energy absorption and pore size were investigated. The optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy have been used to investigate the pores. The variables that were used in this study are space holder ( K2CO3 and Sugar) content, the particle size of Cu , K2CO3 and Sugar. A sintering process for all samples at temperature 875°C for 3 hours have been carried out. . The foam containing K2CO3 between (30-50 wt. %) at dissolution time (48 hrs) with compaction pressure (200 MPa), in group 1 Copper particle size between ( 0.045 - 0.075mm ) , porosity increased from (26.15 %) to (83%) with increasing the pore size between (0.130 to 0.251 mm), while the foam density decreased from (6.617) to (1.6) g/cm3 , yield stress decreased from (6) to (1.3) MPa, compressive strength decreased from (6.7) to (2.9) MPa and e absorption energy decreased from (1.77) to (1.08) MJ/m3 . The foam containing K2CO3 between (30-50 wt. %) at dissolution time (48 hrs) with compaction pressure (200 MPa), in group 2 revealed that the particle size of copper between (0.045–1.18 mm), porosity increased from (26.15 %) to (80%) with increasing the pore size between (0.120 to 0.608 mm), while the foam density decreased from (6.617) to (1.79) g/cm3 . In group 3, the foam containing Sugar between (30-50 wt. %) at dissolution time (48 hrs) with compaction pressure (200MPa) showed that the particle size of copper is between ( 0.045 - 0.075mm ) , porosity increased from (26.15 %) to (84%) with increasing the pore size between (0.328 to 0.457 mm), while the foam density decreased from (6.617) to (1.36) g/cm3 , yield stress decreased from (0) to (1.25) MPa, compressive strength decreased from (7.4) to (2.8) MPa and e absorption energy decreased from (0.93) to (0.622) MJ/m3. The group 4 is same as in group 3, but the particle size of copper is between (0.045–1.18 mm), porosity increased from (26.15 %) to (84%) with increasing the pore size between (0.346 to 0.507 mm), while the foam density decreased from (6.617) to (1.37) g/cm3 . Finally, The group 5 is like in group 3 and 4, but the particle size of copper is between (0.075-1.18 mm), porosity increased from (26.15 %) to (82.5%) with increasing the pore size between (0.318 to 0.352 mm), where as the foam density decreased from (6.617) to (1.53) g/cm3 . From the atomic adsorption test, the results showed that using K2CO3 as a space holder is more effective than sugar in the elimination of chromium from the industrial water. The best value of eliminating chromium was obtained by group 1 sample with K2CO3 content 30%, in which the chromium content decreased from 1444.50 ppm in the industrial water before filtration to 1106.09 ppm after filtration, while in group 3 with using the same content of sugar as space holder, the chromium content decreased from 1444.50 ppm in the industrial water before filtration to 1207.69 ppm after filtration.

This work aims to enhance acoustic and thermal insulation properties for polymeric composite by adding nanoclay and rock wool as reinforcement materials with different ratios. A polymer blend of (epoxy+ polyester) as matrix materials was used, and hand lay-up technique was used to manufacture the castings. Epoxy and polyester were mixed in different weight ratios (50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, and 90:10) wt. % of (epoxy: polyester) respectively. The optimum mixing ratio (OMR) was decided upon the highest value of impact test carried out on the blends of the above mentioned ratios, which showed that the (80:20)wt.% epoxy: polyester respectively had the highest impact strength value, hence was selected as a matrix for the composite. Nano clay (Kaolinite) with ratios (5 and 7.5% ) wt.% , also hybrid reinforcement materials involving (Kaolite 5 & 7.5 % wt.% + 10% volume fraction of rockwool ) were added as reinforcement materials to the optimum sample. The results show that the addition of nanoclay in a percentage of 7.5 wt.% Leads to the highest sound insulation, such that the sound intensity for low frequencies was 99.8 dB, reaching to 101 dB at high frequencies (10000 Hz), suggesting much lower values than the unreinforced blend, of which the sound intensity started from 107.2 dB to 108.7 for the same range of frequencies. Thermal conductivity results showed that the nanocomposite with 7.5 % wt. has the lowest value (about 0.443 W/m.°C). The result of water Absorption showed that the diffusivity varied according to the type of material and its temperature. SEM images showed that there is no interface between the matrix phases so they couldn’t be distinguished apart. Mechanical properties (bending behavior, compressive strength, impact strength and flexural strength) were studied for these specimens. The results showed that the blend reinforced with nano clay in a weight fraction 7.5% and hybridized with rockwool volume fraction 10% had the lowest deflection and the highest value of Young’s modulus (1889.49)MPa in bending, while blend reinforced with 5%wt. nanoclay and 10%vol. rockwool showed the highest value of compressive strength (396.95) MPa. The reinforcement with nanoclay reduced the impact strength, such that the lowest impact strength was 0.0055 KJ/m2 for (blend+5% nanoclay). The results of flexural test showed that the (polyester+ epoxy) blend have the highest value of flexural strength (57.4MPa). The reinforcement with 5%wt. fraction of nanoclay and 10%vol. fraction of rockwool have led to a reduction in flexural strength to the lowest value, which was 16.53 MPa.

In the present work different variables were used, such as styrene butadiene rubber SBR, poly vinyl acetate PVAc and wood ash as a partial replacement by weight of cement. Unsaturated polyester resin used as a binder with aggregate instead of cement to form polymer concrete (PC) and as a coating for plain concrete. All types of specimens were immersed in oil products (gasoline, gas oil and kerosene) for 3 months after 28 days water curing and then the results compared with reference concrete which left in air for the same period. The mechanical properties of these concretes were examined in compressive strength test, splitting tensile strength test, ultrasonic pulse velocity test and Schmidt hammer test. The test results of concrete continuously immersed in oil products indicate that the mechanical properties are decreased as the time period increase. The reduction in compressive strength of specimens which immersed 90 days in gas oil, kerosene and gasoline respectively for wood ash concrete is 13.04%, 56.52%, and 43.47%. For PVAc concrete is 11.11%, 27.77% and 5.55%. For SBR concrete is 33.33%, 44.4% and 33.33%. For polyester resin concrete is 26.31%, 44.73% and 13.15% and for coated concrete is 48%, 44% and 36%. While the reduction in splitting tensile strength of specimens after 90 days of soaking in gas oil, kerosene and gasoline respectively for wood ash concrete is 17.48%, 9.62% and 0%, for PVAc 7.45%, 22.9% and 23.6%. For SBR concrete is 22.9%, 23.6% and 23.6%. For polyester resin concrete it is 9.62%, 0% and 8.25% and for coated concrete is 15.09%, 23.6% and 16.36%. The results also show that the reduction in UPV of specimens which immersed 90 days in gas oil, kerosene and gasoline respectively for wood ash concrete is 14.33%, 18.15% and 21.9%. For PVAc concrete is 15.67%, 1.56% and 11.19%. For SBR concrete is 0%, 11.04% and 5.66%. For polyester resin concrete is 8.92%, 16.35% and 16.13% and for coated concrete is 13.14%, 47.01% and 18.46%. The reduction in Schmidt rebound hammer of specimens after 90 days of soaking in gas oil, kerosene and gasoline respectively for wood ash is 35.71%, 42.85% and 42.85%, for PVAc 38.46%, 38.46% and 38.46%. For SBR concrete is 33.33%, 33.33% and 33.33%. For polyester resin concrete is 47.61%, 42.85% and 59.52% and for coated concrete is 44.44%, 55.55% and 55.55%. Polymer concrete gives a higher compressive strength compared with reference concrete by about 84% and that was due to the morphology which illustrated by SEM test.

In this research a diffusion coating process was conducted, which includes carbonizing process (using carbon powder) and the process of aluminizing (using aluminum powder with a purity 99.9 %) in a process of pack cementation. This method is characterized by modernity, availability of the requirement and ease of application. Three kinds of carbon steel family (low carbon steel, medium carbon steel and high carbon steel) have been selected, including a variation in the carbon-content to see the response of these alloys to coating process and the effect of the carbon-content on coating diffusion layer. Coating process has been applied at different temperatures (910 and 820°C) for each of the low carbon steel and medium carbon steel respectively in the carbonizing process and (900°C) for each of the medium carbon steel and high carbon steel in the aluminizing process and at different periods of time including (1, 4 and 6 hours) for the carbonizing process and (1, 2 and 4 hours) for the aluminizing process, then studying the mechanical and corrosion properties. Through the examination of the coating layer thickness using an ( optical microscope device) showed that the best deposition and higher thickness of coating layer obtained in low carbon steel alloy(the measure of thickness of precipitated coating layer for low carbon was 52.1 µm(in one hour), 75 µm (in four hours) and 118.5 µm (in six hours) ). While in medium and high carbon steel the thickness of the coating layer formed is low in the first time intervals ( for medium carbon in carbonizing process was 44 µm (in one hour), 61.3 µm (in four hours) and 98.2 µm (in six hours), in aluminizing process it was 62.06 µm (in one hour) , 66.53 µm (in two hours) and 74.16µm (in four hours) ) , for high carbon steel the thickness was (37.2µm (in one hour),43.9 µm (in two hours) and 55.8 µm (in four hours) ). XRD results showed for coated samples that the coating layer to be a mixture of phases group will enhance the hardness, mechanical characteristics and corrosion resistance. It also showed (low, medium and high carbon steel) that there is a clear improvement in the wear rate due to the emergence of solid phases(created after heat treatment) within the grounds of those alloys contributed significantly in increasing the surface hardness values and thus high wear resistance. The varied of decreasing proportion of wear rate among alloys depended on the thickness of the coating layer associated with increasing the period of time for deposition and carbon-content of the alloy. Microhardness testing showed a gradual decrease in the values of hardness towards the core resulted from emergence of crust surrounding containing (inter metallic compounds) which increases the surface hardness; however the sample core is soft, which is not affected by coating process. The corrosion test results showed an improvement in the corrosion resistance of coated samples and corrosion current (Icorr) values vary according to the thickness of coating layer.

In this study a binary polymer blend was prepared and characterized by hand lay-up method. (Epoxy/polyvinyl chloride, EP/PVC) blends were prepared with different weight ratios of (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20) % of (PVC). The influence of addition of (PVC) on the mechanical properties of epoxy resin (type Quickmast 105) was examined.Based on the homogeneity, miscibility and the higher impact strength, the ratio(80/20%) was selected as the best percentage and then this blend was reinforced with polypropylene, carbon fibers and hybrid of both types with fiber volume fraction (30%). Differential Scanning Colarimeter test (DSC) was performed to determine the values of glass transition temperature (Tg) for the material under study, the results of this study show that the hybrid composite has the higher value of (Tg) compared with other materials. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA)was carried out to investigate the relation between the weight losses of sample with increase of temperature, it was found that the weight loss of epoxy resin decreases after blending with (PVC) and reinforcing the blend with fibers mentioned above. Thermal conductivity test illustrated that studied materials have good thermal insulation as well as the hybrid composite has the minimum value of thermal conductivity coefficient. The microstructure and impact fracture surfaces of the blends and their composites were investigated by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The experimental results show that the mixing ratio of 20% (PVC) has the highest impact strength compared with other ratios. The percentage (80/20) % of (EP/PVC) reinforced with carbon fibers records the highest values for both impact strength (I.S) and Young's modulus (E) while the hybrid composite has higher Shore D hardness compared with other composites prepared from the same blend. After studying the mechanical properties (impact, hardness and bending) of immersed specimens in different types of water include (rain, distilled and tap water) for more than two months in sealed glass containers, it was observed these types of water have negative effect on the properties in different degrees depending on the absorption rate and diffusivity of water into the prepared materials, the values of water diffusion coefficients ranged within the order (10-12m2/s).

The project is aimed at preparing poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel by physical techniques using freeze/thaw method and by chemical method via the addition of cross link factors of Glutaraldehyde (GLT) and Boric Acid (BA) of different percentage . Specimen are prepared as plate , film and rods .In addition , polymer blends of chitosamene chloride (CsmCl) and poly vinyl alcohol are prepared at different percentage and shapes (films, plate and cylindrical rod) . more Further , physical ,structural and morphological properties of all prepared specimens are studied aimed at the possibility of their application in the medical field . Through investigating the swelling behavior for the prepared specimens , it is found that swelling percentage depends on cross linking percentage , whether physical or chemical . The result of swelling percentage when (PVA) plates are immersed in distilled water and pure have added cross linking factor (1%,3%) of (GLT) and (0.5%) of (BA) , it is observed that all specimens possess big increase of absorption during the first five hours , then stabilized words after at specific percentage .On submerging in acid (PVA) samples retained swelling percentage similar to those samples submerged in distilled water . However, (BA)and (GLT) samples ,their swilling percentage drops. On hydrogel preparation , all cycles have equal effect , except for the (8hr) freeze/thaw cycles , as they are semisolid, and when immersed on water they are dissolved .The water absorption for all specimens during the first (48hr) indicate high range of absorption , and after (96hr) , all specimens realized constant swelling percentage about (215%).The rapid swelling during the first hours are attributed to disentanglement of chains that are not involved in cross linking . The freeze / thaw process leads to physical cross linking of polymers chains. On this basis ,(15hr) freeze /thaw of (16)cycles for plate are adopted . After freeze /thaw process of samples , their water absorption percentage increases for the 1% (GLT) and 0.5% (BA) samples while the percentage decreased for the 3%GLT. The water absorption percentage in the base environment are higher than in the acid environment for the (GLT) samples. As to the calculation of weight drop percentage with time for cylindrical samples , it is found that all samples have weight stabilization after (92hr) and have identical behavior .it is noticed that are some discrepancies in the results of swelling percentage between rod and plate. The FTIR spectra for all samples before and after blending and treatment are found to appear and disappear besides band shift at different location; this is attributed to changes in conformation. The spectral intensity decreases with increasing (CsmCl) percentage explained in view of when two polymers or more are blended , changes occur in the characteristic spectra as a result of reflection in the blend that are prepared by physical mixing and chemical reaction . X-ray test results show that crystallographic thickness value for (PVA) decreases with addition of cross linking agents and depend on type and concentration of those agents. When specimens undergo freeze/thaw process the results have indicted decrease in the value of crystallographic thickness and increase in spectral intensity percentage. These results verify that polymer chain cross link, whether physical or chemical , tends to hinder crystal growth and the freeze/thaw process leads to microcrystalization . The (CsmCl) x-ray spectra result which is used as a medical material to enhance cartilage material in human body, show very high crystallization percentage and crystal structure is affected by the freeze/thaw process in addition to blend percentage with (PVA). The value of stress at failure increases with increasing (PVA) percentage. The addition of cross linking agents leads to increase in stress and depend on the concentration of these agents. It is found that addition small amounts of cross link agents leads to a reversible process as it hinders chain bonding and is not sufficient to cause cross linking of chains . These results are in full agreement with swelling percentage results. Finally, all samples have undergone optical microscope testing, from which it is concluded that air bubbles and pores are present and the shape and state of chitosamine chloride crystals are influenced by blend percentages with (PVA), and the result of density measurement of cylindrical shape samples verify the microscope test result indicating presence of bubbles and pores.

In this research , study the effect of coupling agents on the mechanical and physical properties of polymer-matrix composite was carried out. Epoxy resin type (Polyprime-EP) was used as a matrix and reinforced by (E-glass) fibers with volume fraction (ϕf = 20%). Four types of coupling agents were used in this research included (PVA-Polyvinylalchohol) , (Lg-Lignin) , (FS-Fumed-Silica NanoParticles), (TMS-Tetramethylsilane). The mechanical and physical tests were performed on these materials before the addition of these coupling agents and after it. The results showed that all the properties were better after addition the coupling agents comparing with the case before it, because of its effect on the interface of composite. The material which contains (PVA) has showed higher impact strength valued (108.7 kJ/m2); higher value of tensile strength (103.05MPa) and lower value of thermal conductivity (0.4025 W/m.K) at Lap conditions. The same material gave higher value of tensile strength and lower value of thermal conductivity after the immersion into chemical solutions (HNO3 and H2O) for (8 Weeks). While the material which contains (TMS) has showed higher bending strength valued (863.66 MPa) ; higher value of shear stress (39.98 MPa) ; higher value of Shore hardness (82.2) and higher value of young's modulus (29.02*108 MPa) ) at Lap. Conditions. The same material gave higher value of hardness and higher value of young's modulus after the immersion into chemical solutions (HNO3 and H2O) for (8 Weeks). The material which contains (Lg) has showed lower surface roughness valued (0.362 µm) at Lap Conditions. The same material gave lower surface roughness after the immersion into chemical solutions (HNO3 and H2O) for (8 Weeks). The material which contains (FS) has showed higher value of impact strength after the immersion into chemical solutions (HNO3 and H2O) for (8 Weeks). The same material that contains (TMS) has showed lower value of diffusion coefficient after the immersion for (8 Weeks) into chemical solutions Water (H2O) and dilute nitric acid (HNO3) with different normality concentrations (0.1N , 0.2N and 0.3N). The material which was the most affected by chemical solutions compring with other composite materials is the material without coupling agent (Pure GF), while the material which contains coupling agents (Lg-Lignin) was the most affected by a chemical solutions among all composite materials which contains coupling agents.

The present work encompasses the development of microstructure by using cooling plate casting process. This process consists in pouring the molten metal at temperature close to the liquid line in an inclined cooling plate. The mould and the slope plate unit were manufactured by researcher. The following variables have been used in this work: pouring temperatures of (750,800,850ᵒC), tilt angles of (30ᵒ, 40ᵒ, 50ᵒand 60ᵒ), and Mg additive of (1.6%, 0.46%) with constant cooling length (380mm). After the melt flow down cooling plate, the molten becomes semi-solid slurry at the end of the plate. This slurry fills the mould. Then these rheocast alloys are sectioned according to desired test. The optical microstructure investigations show that, the pouring temperature and tilt angle affect the grain size. Grain size decrease with decreasing of tilt angles and with decrease pouring temperature of Al-Mg microstructure. The decrease in grain size are (78µm-90µm-80µm-100µm)at (30ᵒ, 40ᵒ ) (1.6%-750,800ᵒC),for( 50ᵒ) are(61µm,78µm)for(750,800ᵒC) while at ( 1.6%,850ᵒC) for(30ᵒ, 40ᵒ, 50ᵒ ) are(71µm,127µm,110µm),for 0.46%((30ᵒ, 40ᵒ,50)(750,800,850ᵒC)are(63µm,82µm,90µm,92µm,95µm,162µm),while at (850ᵒC,0.46%,60ᵒ) are(95µm), the result of microstructure shows that the dendrite structure will change to a semi globular with longitudinal shape at different used pouring temperatures of (750,800.850ᵒC). The effect of different tilt angles of (30ᵒ, 40ᵒ, 50ᵒ) was more than in (60ᵒ) for each (1.6%Mg and0.46%of Mg) addition. Tensile results reveal that (750,800 and 850ᵒC) especially for (30ᵒ, 40ᵒ, 50ᵒ) for 0.46%-Mg(110.4,111.5 for 750ᵒC,102.2,60.9,111 for 800ᵒC)but for 850ᵒC at (30ᵒ, 50ᵒ, 60ᵒ ) have (126.7,87.4,92.3) and 1.6%Mg (30ᵒ, 40ᵒ, 50ᵒ) at 750ᵒC have a high value(120,81.6,81.5),at 800ᵒC for(30ᵒ,50ᵒ,60ᵒ)have(91.2,126.5,87.6),at850ᵒCfor(30ᵒ,40ᵒ,0ᵒ)have(65.3,78.2,101.6). Vickers macro hardness has a gradually increasing value for Al-1%Mg(750,800and850ᵒC)at(30ᵒ,40ᵒ,50ᵒ,60ᵒ)have(46,51,54,64)(44,42,51,79)(49,49,48,60), but for Al-5%Mg rheocast alloy it has a fluctuated value at750ᵒCfor(30ᵒ,40ᵒ,50ᵒ) have(52.9,60,72.1)while at 60ᵒ (47),at800ᵒCfor(30ᵒ, 40ᵒ, 60ᵒ)have(60,65.6,72.5),at 850ᵒC for(30ᵒ, 40ᵒ)have(47.5,58)and small value for high angle (50ᵒ,60ᵒ)have(44.3,44.2). X-Ray diffractography for both Al-Mg alloys shows the appearance of intermetalic compounds and different phases of (Al3 Mg2 ,α Al, δAl2O3, Mg O),while SEM picture shows a semi globular structure at different pouring temperature.

Saline pollution attack is an important factor that lead to the deterioration of the concrete, especially in industrial plants, and has numerous studies to determine the effect of saline pollution on the properties of concrete, in order to improve the resistance of concrete to salt solutions. Although there are many research on the use of different types of chemical additives and mineral production Concrete resistance to salt solution . In spite of research address the sustainability of concrete and particularly Steel rebar submeserged in it. Steel rebar is the most important causal factors the deterioration in the reinforced concrete. The main aim of this study is to effect of additives added to reduce superior degree water and two types of mineral additives that include silica fumes and steel fiber, as well as the combined effect of these additives on the properties of concrete. The experimental work of this measure include concrete specimens have been partially submerged in a solution of chlorides and sulfates in concentrations similar to those found in aggressive conditions. The properties of concrete specimens were evaluated through the slump flow tests. The properties investigated included weight and weight changes test, Bulk Density, total absorption, ultrasound plus velocity, compressive strength electrochemical potential for various types of mixes. Three mixtures are were used in this study: Reference (RF) ,( SF -SP) content mixed with 10% of silica partial compensation of the weight of cement and 3% by weight of cement of high range water reducing agent and (STF) mix content at 0.5% of the steel fiber, to investigates the influence surface coating protection on durability properties of concrete be done mix reference coated with natural rubber( RFCNR), and mix container on 0.5% of steel fiber coated with natural rubber (STFCNR). The electrochemical tests included monitoring the electrode potential and corrosion rates using the rates of rust ,by using Tafel plots for four specimens of rebar metals. two of them were coated and submerged in two media, one of tap water and the other is salt solution . The result coated specimens has shown resistance to corrosion greater than specimens without coated when immersion in salt solution. Thus group (RFCNR ) in the most developed in all properties as compared with all other mixture immersed in salt solution for 150 days at odds with group ( SF-SP) which had development in all properties as compared with the reference mixture at 180 days of immersion in salt solution .

The present work was carried out in two stages The first stage work was concerned with study of the type and ratio(%) of the dye(Methyl Orange, Methyl Blue, Methyl Red) effect on the optical properties of poly styrene(PS), the second stage select the best type and ratio ,and preparing hybrid composite(Methyl Orange/ Methyl Blue/ poly styrene),and (Methyl Orange/ Methyl Red / poly styrene) to study its optical, and electrical properties . The samples were casted as films from the homopolymer(PS) above stated and the Dye/ poly styrene (Methyl Orange / poly styrene, Methyl Blue / poly styrene,and Methyl Red / poly styrene )composites at (3.44,6.7,and 12.5%) concentration. These prepared polymer systems were evaluated spectrophotometically. It was found increasing in absorption spectra with increasing of the dye concentration in Dye/ poly styrene above composites, which was attributed to the increasing in localized states. The results proved that the best absorption was of (12.5% Methyl Orange / poly styrene), and of the lowest energy gap was (3.15eV), which was the lowest,and of all of the best effect, so prepare 30%MO/PS composite, and hybrid composites((20% Methyl Orange 10%/ Methyl Blue / Polystyrene), (20% Methyl Orange /10% Methyl Red / Polystyrene)) to study its optical, and electrical properties . The optical constant (Absorption Coefficient ) α), Extinction Coefficient (k), Refractive Index (n), Real Dielectric Constant (εr ), and Imaginary Dielectric Constant (εi))for the homopolymer (Polystyrene) , (Dye/ Polystyrene) composites, and hybrid composites at different concentration were investigated at(λc,300nm). It was seen that there was nonlinear relationship between the optical constants and the concentration ratio. The (Spectroscopy Fourier Transform Infrared) spectra showed shifting, appearance ,and disappearance of new band. It was found that charge carrier of (Polystyrene ) was of (P-type),and it was the same for (Methyl Orange / Polystyrene) up to 30% ratio, whereas for (Methyl Blue, Methyl Red),it changed to (N-type) for concentration(≤ 12.5%). The results proved that there was nonlinear relationship between the carrier concentration, mobility, fast increase in the (12.5% Methyl Orange / Polystyrene),(12.5% Methyl Blue / Polystyrene),and hybrid composites by increasing of dye ratio ,and became of order(10-6 ),and of order(10-5) for (12.5% Methyl Red / Polystyrene) composite ,which of within semiconductor conductivity in polymer scale.

In this research local raw materials are used in the preparation of concrete mixes. Iraqi specifications (I.O.S) and American specifications (ASTM) are adopted, in determining the components of concrete, raw materials in different ratios weight of Kaolin (K) and MetaKaolin (MK) at a ratios of (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) at different temperatures (150, 300 500 700, 900) ° C added to a mixture of concrete, to achieve the pozzolan interaction between [(K) or (MK)] and cement. The mechanical, physical and pH effects by additions [(K) and (MK)], has been observed fixity of the compressive strength and tensile strength when add the rates ranging between (5% and 10%) of (MK) and a decrease of the ratios greater than (15%), the mechanical properties increased with increasing temperature of (MK), except for temperature less than (300) ° C. The density has decreased by increasing the proportion added, but increased with increasing temperature. The rate of absorption of water was observed that increasing the proportion of (MK) added, decrease the rate of absorption of water and also by increasing, the temperature of (MK), decrease the rate of absorption of water. The percentage of water absorption decreased with the increasing temperature of (MK) and also increases the proportion of added (MK), decrease absorbance. Also noticed, the acid of (MK) did not changing largely in the cement base in the concrete mix, especially in the grades more of the temperature (500) °C, and In general, observed staying concrete material within the limits of base material.

Diffusion bonding of gray cast iron to gray cast iron experiments were carried out in air atmosphere and in inert gas (Argon) under different pressing load, temperatures and time to find the optimum bonding condition experimentally which affect the bond strength. The pressing load are 1 and 2 ton, the bonding temperatures are 700, 750, 800, 850, and 900ºC, and bonding time 15, 30 and 60 min. To evaluate the bond strength the shear test investigation was performed, the actual bonded area was calculated by using a computer package called (Auto Cad 2006). After calculating the bonded area, shear strength values were predicted for each bonded specimens, the results show that the bond strength increases with increasing the temperature, the bonding temperature brings about an improvement in bond strength but to a certain limit only. Any further rise in temperature will impair the strength owing to a grain growth as well as increasing carbide precipitation. Bond strength also increases with bonding time, the increase in bonding time has a positive effect up to a certain limit, any excessive holding time impairs bond strength. The highest value of shear strength of gray cast iron to gray cast iron joints is (155.7 MPa) at bonding temperature of 900ºC for 30 min holding time under pressing load of 1 ton. Improvement in the bond strength when the pressing load raises mainly attributable to the increase in the area of actual contact between the mating surfaces. Pressing load will raise bond strength up to a certain value, any further increase in pressing load reduces it. It found that the bond strength increases with increasing pressing load . For inert gas (Argon) experiments. No reliable results are obtained for the bonded during shear test may be due to abominable argon gas and this prevents forming of bond. Vickers microhardness testing was carried out to measure hardness distribution in gray cast iron joint. Vickers microhardness testing was performed on unetched specimens using 0.9 Kg load with 15 sec indentation time. The results observed from microhardness test show that the hardness increases with increasing bonding temperature due to formation of hard phased iron carbides (Fe3C). Microstructure of the interface was carried out by using optical microscope before and after the experiment. The microstructure results show the formation of carbide and the carbide precipitation increases with increasing the bonding temperature and time.

This research includes the preparation of polymers mixtures consists of resins (Unsaturated Polyester with Polyurethane) (UP+PU), where the optimal mixing ratio has been selected on the basis of the best impact strength, and the mixture have appropriate essential mixability and good morphologic properties. It is found that the mixing ratio with percentage (60% Polyester+40% Polyurethane) because it has the highest impact strength, where it has been used to prepare the samples. A four samples where prepared from the polymers mixtures using the above mentioned mixing ratio by using the method of hand casting technique; these samples are: polymers mixture consisting of (UP+PU), added to it the micro cotton powder (MC) with weight ratio (2wt%) once and for copper by weight ratio (39wt%) again, with volume fracture (5%), as well as composite material was prepared from the same polymers mixture adding to it micro cotton powder filling and chips together in the same weight ratios mentioned earlier. Some mechanical tests were conducted include: (Impact strength (Charpy type), Flexural strength, Hardness (Shore D), Tensile strength, Compression, and Roughness surface test, and some physical tests include (Thermal conductivity and diffusivity), these tests carried out in two stages; first on samples (without immersion) and then on immersed samples in (distilled water and diluted sulfuric acid (0.05N)), where the readings are recorded every two weeks for a period of (8) weeks, in addition the effect of increasing the temperature (20±1 °C (R.T), 35 °C, 50 °C) has been studied on the samples. A sample of the four polymers mixtures have been examined using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and study the effect of adding reinforcement materials, and also study the topography of the surface of each sample and the knowledge the fine structure for each mixture. Results showed that the reinforced blends with micro cotton powder and copper (UP+PU+MC+Cu) possess better mechanical properties of Impact strength, Flexural strength, Tensile strength and Modulus of Elasticity (Compression), also it has the highest surface roughness and thermal conductivity before and after immersion in chemical solutions. While for the absorbency of solution, all tests are affected by chemical solutions.

This research consists of two parts: first; preparation of samples and after that exposure of these samples to some physical and mechanical properties tests. The tests are done at room temperature and then with the effect of immersion in three liquids (Tap water, NaOH (0.5N), and Benzene). Also we exposed some samples to sunlight to study the effect on some properties. First we prepared five kinds of specimens, PS resin was the matrix in all kinds using a casting technique; the samples were: (PS+EP) pure blend with a weight ratio of (80%PS+20%EP), PS pure resin filled with GP once and FS once again making a composite with a volume fraction of 15%GP and 15%FS respectively. Also we prepared composites from (80%PS+20%EP) blend filled with GP once and FS once again with a volume fraction of 15% to both; all samples were prepared at room temperature. Some mechanical and physical properties were investigated by performing tests such as: (impact strength (Charpy type), bending (3-point loading system), hardness (Shore D), thermal conductivity, and diffusion behavior); these tests carried on the samples in both normal conditions (without immersion) and after immersion for a period (2-10) weeks measured every (2) weeks. The results show that at room temperature, impact strength of (PS+EP) pure blend appears to have the highest value. Composite specimens filled with FS filler show the best results in the (thermal conductivity, hardness, and bending) tests. The immersion conditions indicated remarkable effect on all the examined physical and mechanical properties, compared to un immersed samples, also the exposure to sunlight has the same effect. In case of tap water immersion, the (PS+EP) blend that filled with FS has the highest diffusion coefficient value while (PS+EP) pure blend gives the lowest value. In case of NaOH immersion, (PS+EP) pure blend showed the highest value of diffusion coefficient while (PS+EP) filled with GP showed the lowest value. Benzene shows the strongest effect on examined physical and mechanical properties also diffusion behavior, since no weight gain in any sample was observed.

In this research the diffusion coating process by the single preparation method of (Al) metal, dual preparation method of (Al,Si) metals and third preparation method of (Al ,Si ,Cr ) metals on different alloys (Inconel alloy, Monel alloy, Stainless steel alloy type (316L), Stainless steel alloy type (321) and Low carbon steel alloy). Which are used in the production of manufacturing of Petroleum towers such of carbon steel and alloy steel families. All the heat chemical treatment in the (1100°C) and in the average period (20) hour per each treatment. The effect of diffusion coating on alloys. Can be seen in the microstructure test processes and X-ray diffraction test. It is clear from the XRD test, the appearance of new phases for all coating alloys. X-ray Fluorescence test, which appears metals contents showing the change in percentage in (Al, Si, Cr) alloys according to coating's method. Microstructure test which is metal and alloy identity indicates the change inside the alloy due to Coating and Calculates the coating thickness for each phase. In Monel alloy the thickness of Al coating was 400µm. From hardness test by using Brunel method, we found that the hardness increase with all Kinds of coating. For example, the hardness of Inconel alloy before coating was 179 Kg/mm2, increase to 255 Kg/mm2 with Aluminizing coating, 260 Kg/mm2 with Siliconizing-Aluminizing coating and 275 Kg/mm2 with Crninizing-Silcinazig-Aluminizing coating. The results of the wear test for used alloys under constant weight (2kg) and for constant time(30min), Indicate that the wear rate decrease after coating processes. It is clear from the results that the wear rate is less for third coating than the dual and single coating. In the corrosion test process we used salt solution (NaCl). For testing the alloy before and after coating the salt concentration in the salt water known as the most corrosive condition and the result show the resistance of alloys increased after coating. Finally, Oxidation test for alloys in the air at (700°C) and rate (6 hour) for each period (totally 36 hours). Shows an increase in the weight (thin film oxidation content) which then increase Oxidation resistant.

The thesis involved preparation of polymer blend as two systems, the first PS/ABS prepared by single screw extruder, the second PS/SBS prepared by Haake PolyDrive extruder. Different composition ratios were used with the aim of arriving at the best physical blending percentage In order to study the influence of blending on the mechanical properties, thermal properties and morphology several tests are performed including (tensile, impact resistance, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy). The results from this work show that the mechanical properties for blend system PS/ABS at compositions 70/30, 60/40 and 50/50 have mechanical properties mach better than the pure constituents. The mechanical properties for the blend system of PS/SBS, dependent on the amount of SBS content, indicate in general it nearly obeys rule of mixtures. The (DSC) test for blend system of PS/ABS gives good indication of improving state of miscibility for most blend ratios; there is only one glass transition temperature between the two values for pure polymers. Also the DSC results for blends system of PS/SBS give good indications of improving state of partial miscibility. The optical microscope and SEM results for both systems fully support the results obtained from the mechanical properties. The FTIR results for PS/ABS blend system show that the PB phase in pure ABS has a cis configuration and these configurations change from cis to trans for all blend ratios.

The present work was carried out in two stages .The first stage was concerned with study of the blending ratio effect on the optical properties of the polymer systems involved (PMMA, PC, and PS), binary blends (PMMA/PC, PMMA/PS, and PC/PS),and ternary blends (PMMA/PC/PS) at different concentrations. The second stage was concerned with study of thermal aging effect on the above homopolymers, and the polymer system of best optical properties. The samples were casted as films from the homopolymer stated above and the blends as a binary and ternary blend at different concentration. These prepared polymer systems were evaluated spectrophotometically for selecting the polymer systems of the best optical properties. It was found that 50%PMMA/50%PC binary blend has the best optical properties. The results proved that its energy gap was (2.5eV), which was the lowest of all polymer system involved. The homopolymers above and 50% PMMA/50% PC binary blend were subjected to thermal aging within range of (50-250C) for (2hr) to study the effect of thermal aging on their optical properties. The absorption spectra of the thermally aged polymer systems showed heating induced absorption changes in the wavelength range, which depends on the polymer type and polymer blend. The thermal degradation caused increment in the absorption of degraded samples. The increment depended on polymer type and polymer blend, especially at 250C in the thermally aged PS samples (2.3eV). Decreasing in absorption was found for cases in which, thermal degradation caused surface damage i.e. crazes or cracks formation. The optical energy gap and urbach energy were calculated the absorption spectra before and after thermal aging to the polymer systems involved. The results showed nonlinear relationship between the optical constants and blend ratio, it was attributed to their immiscibility. The nonlinear relationships between the optical constant of the thermal aged polymer systems and polymer blend with the heating temperature was attributed to the unsystematic thermal degradation induced by heating, it was found PMMA and PC have the best heat resistances in comparison with the polymer involved . Morphological investigations for the surface damages (crazes, and cracks) caused were performed by optical microscope .It was found that the thermal degredation could easily lead to some mechanical surface damage. FTIR spectroscopy was carried out for polymer systems before and after thermal aging to identify the region of the main characteristic bands and its results were investigated.

Epoxy and unsaturated polyester resin was used as a matrices for composite materials, with carbon, glass, and copper fibers as reinforcement materials with volume fraction (Vf =1%,2%,3%). Six types of composites were prepared:- (1) Epoxy reinforced with continuous carbon fibers . (2) Epoxy reinforced with short carbon fibers. (3) Epoxy reinforced with continuous glass fibers. (4) Epoxy reinforced with short glass fibers. (5) Epoxy reinforced with continuous copper fibers. (6) Epoxy reinforced with short copper fibers. And another six types of composites were prepared :- (1) Unsaturated polyester reinforced with continuous carbon fibers . (2) Unsaturated polyester reinforced with short carbon fibers. (3) Unsaturated polyester reinforced with continuous glass fibers. (4) Unsaturated polyester reinforced with short glass fibers. (5) Unsaturated polyester reinforced with continuous copper fibers. (6) Unsaturated polyester reinforced with short copper fibers. Research subject was implies studying some of mechanical properties for composite materials in Natural conditions. Mechanical properties that be studied were :- ( Vibration damping, and studying, deflection, stiffness, natural frequency, and damped period. The research results showed that the values of (Stiffness, Natural Frequency, Vibration damping and Damped period) will increasing with the increase of the volume fraction of reinforcement materials used in this research, in the other hand the values for deflection will be decreeing with the increase of the volume fraction of the reinforcement materials used.

The polyethylene (PE) is a commercially important Thermoplastic polymer, which is of practical use in a wide variety of engineering applications. So that if one wants to extend the field of application of this material, an improvement of the mechanical and physical properties is usually necessary. A relatively easy way to improve the, mechanical, and physical properties of the polymer is the addition of filler materials, to obtain a composite materials with a good properties. In this research we use both High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), and Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) as matrix to the composite material and we use coconut shell particles and fish shell particles as a reinforced fillers , we use the above to prepare the current research samples that we study in different Filler Percentage as below :- 1. Pure High Density Polyethylene (HDPE). 2. Pure Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE). 3. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with coconut shell particles in the following percentage (15, 20 and 30%). 4. Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) reinforced with coconut shell particles in the following percentage (10, 15 and 20%). High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with fish shell particles in the following percentage (30, 40 and 50%). 5. Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) reinforced with fish shell particles in the following percentage (30, 40 and 50%). In this research we study some mechanical properties like (Modulus of elasticity, Impact strength Hardness, Compression strength, and Creep rate). We also study Absorption test which is one of the physical properties, we study it for all the prepared samples and then we calculate Diffusion Coefficient after the samples were immersed for a period of time lasted for three months in the water. The research results showed that the values of (Modulus of elasticity, Hardness) will increase with the increase of the Filler Percentage for both reinforced fillers and for both types of Polyethylene used in this research, in the other hand the values for Impact strength will be decreeing with the increase of the Filler Percentage for the reinforced fillers used. And we found also that the values of Creep rate of the all samples used in this research will be decreeing with the increase of the Filler Percentage of the reinforced fillers used. In the Diffusion test we noticed that the Diffusion Coefficient decrease with the increase of the Filler Percentage of the reinforced fillers used.

The transmission line has a single purpose for both the transmitter and the antenna. This purpose is to transfer the energy output of the transmitter to the antenna with the least possible power loss. How well this is done depends on the special physical and electrical characteristics (impedance and resistance) of the transmission line, The purpose of this thesis involves the study of the characteristic impedance and the other characteristic of the coaxial transmission line like (Wave impedance, Reflection coefficient, Maximum value of electric field inside the line, Power, Current in the conductor, Capacitance and Inductance per unit length, electric and magnetic field).The parameters of the Two wire transmission line like (Reflection coefficient, Admittance, Voltage and Current as a function of distance X from load and Line loss) have been studied. Mat Lab program (Version 7) is used for design and simulation of the microwave circuit using two types of Transmission line in X- band frequency. An implementation has been done on coaxial transmission line of (53.5Ω) characteristic impedance for three type of dielectric material including Polyethylene, Teflon, and Nylon)where their permittivity = (2.25 ,2.1 & 4) respectively .The results shows that impedance of the line depend on the dielectric constant ( ) of the insulated material ,as the ( ) decrease the impedance value increase inside the line for the same dimension, in addition to that the value of the impedance in the coaxial line decreases as the inner radiuses (a ) and outer radiuses (b) increases. Two-wire Transmission lines were also studied (with characteristic impedance was 300 Ω).Three types of dielectric material (Polyethylene, Tyflon, and Nylon), Nylon was excluded from the studies because it was not practical in manufacturing .The parameter previously mentioned in this system have been studied with matching & mismatching cases, matching load , and resistive load , for polyethylene and Teflon. The optimal value of the line parameters occur when the line terminated to resistance equal to characteristic impedance of the line. But when the line terminates to load resistance less than characteristic impedance we obtain maximum and minimum value along the line, while the value changed in phase shift when terminated the line to load resistance greater than characteristic impedance of the line. This phase shift depends on the parameters and the effect of ( ) on them, the phase shift exists on the incident wave because of the additional losses (capacitance & inductance losses).

As ordinary known the ability of synthesizing electrical conducting polymer composites is possible but with poor mechanical properties, for the solution of this problem, we carried out this study in order to obtain that both properties. Three methods were applied for preparing the conductive PANI composites using both glass fiber and Kevlar fiber fabrics as substrate for the deposition of the PANI at one time and the prepared composites (EP/glass fiber)and (EP/Kevlar fiber) at others. The chemical oxidative method was adopted for polymerization of the aniline and simultaneously protonated of PANI with a hydrochloric acid at concentration (1M).Two kinds of oxidation agents (FeCl3.6H2O) and ((NH4)2S2O8) were used. The electrical measurements indicate the effect of each preparation method, kind of oxidant agent and the kind of material which PANI deposited on the electrical results. The conductivity results showed that the prepared composites lie within semiconductors region. The Hall Effect measurement showed a p-type behavior for the composites prepared by the first and third methods, and n-type behavior for the composites prepared by the second method. Temperature –dependence of electric conductivity results showed semiconductors and conductors behavior of these materials within the applied temperature ranges. The mechanical properties(tensile strength, creep behavior) was studied, the results as a whole concluded that PANI precipated on the EP/glass fiber and EP/Kevlar fiber composites has no remarkable effect on the mechanical properties as compared with the untreatment composites with PANI. The morphology of PANI composites showed the regularity of PANI deposit on the EP/glass fiber and EP/Kevlar fiber composites and some fibrils structure and PANI moieties on the Kevlar fiber and glass fiber fabrics respectively. The X-ray diffraction study showed the crystalline structure for EP/Kevlar fiber/PANI composites prepared by the three methods. These results gave optimism to the synthesis of conductive polymer composites with excellent mechanical properties.

In this work, the occurrence of spatially modulated structure in several competing interactions are examined . Of particular interest are the situations where, for given values of the interactions, the ground state is infinitely degenerate. Most of the work presented here concerns the analysis of how this zero-temperature multidegeneracy can be removed by the interaction of weak perturbations such as spin anisotropy, external magnetic fields, or quantum fluctuations . Many different studies of ferromagnetism and anti-ferromagnetism models have presented theories on energy minimization. These studies, however, do not give visual confirmation of what is occurring during minimization. One wish to study how the energy minimizes locally in a ferromagnetic system. Where does the energy dissipate once the magnetic field is applied? Are there regions that exhibit a chaotic nature before eventually aligning with an external magnetic field? It has been demonstrated that the energy of the system will minimize in the presence of an external magnetic field. However, regions within the lattice may not converge at the same rate. Our goal is to develop and apply a visual tool to the system, which would allow users to visualize the minimization process. In this thesis, one describe a model and visualization system designed to illustrate the principles of energy minimization in ferromagnetic system . Models of finite or semi-infinite chains of spins are considered where the competition between surface and the bulk effects creates adomain wall (kink) in ground state. In this work, the aim is to discuss the role of a hitherto fore unexplored parameter on the unbinding transition: the spin anisotropy. One should know that, as discrete spins with -fold spin anisotropy soften, layering transitions can be stabilized in simple, short-range clock models, even at zero temperature (for ). In particular, one can, in a chain of ferromagnetically coupled (XY) spins. Using an expansion in inverse spin anisotropy , one can, calculating analytical solutions to the equilibrium equation ( ) under the influence of a magnetic field for materials ferromagnetic and inti ferromagnetic. one can to rely on numerical methods that adopted is based on several programs as (Fortran Code 77, 90) , and Chou-Griffiths algorithm method, to build the phase diagrams exhibits points where two multiphase lines meet at a first order transition. When the spin anisotropy is infinite. one can calculate the energy differences, , between neighboring interface states. Then the special case is considered, where the multidegeneracy cannot be lifted for small values of , In this case we consider the quantum version of the model and show the quantum fluctuation can raise the multidegeneracy stabilizing an infinite sequences of layering transition . The effects of quantum fluctuations on the behavior of an interface are considered further in the case of three dimensional transverse Ising model in a semi-infinite. One find that, for zero transverse field, the short range nature of spin interactions is responsible for the appearance of a multidegeneracy with respect to the position of the flat domain wall. For a non-zero transverse field, the multidegeneracy can be splitted by quantum fluctuations and an infinite sequence of layering transitions is stabilized . The aim is to construct the phase diagram which gives the position, , of interface as a function of the uniform field and the transverse field . A chain of antiferromagnetic coupled (XY) spins with two-fold anisotropy is studied in an external magnetic field. The analytic and numerical results reveal that in semi-finite and finite chains of even-length, there is a sequence of layering transitions in the bulk that has not been previously identified. The solitonic-like solutions predicted by the continuum semi-classical two–dimensional XY -model are investigated using canonical Monte Carlo simulation. In particular, we verify the existence of kink states, and study their degree of stability. These states, that were supposed to exist from approximate theories applied to the continuum limit of this model, are a new kind of solution of the XY model under external magnetic field. In the simulation several system sizes up to spins were considered. The study of the static spin correlation between the initial and final configuration shows there exist a finite transition temperature Tc, which is independent of the system size. According to our simulation, at T < Tc the kink state is stable, and the degree of stability increases with system size. Magnetization per site , energy per site , magnetic susceptibility, specific heat of a Ferromagnetic materials are Calculated as a function of temperature for spin lattice interaction of the 2D Ising Model for some experimental values of ferromagnetic materials such as Gadolinium Chloride at Curie temperature , and ferromagnetic thin film from Nickel growth on cooper at Curie temperature , in zero and nonzero magnetic field.

This research contains a study about the effect of adding burning and non burning Kaolin as a support to (PVC) the matrix material and studying some effecting factors on the dielectric strength. The non- burning kaolin was added to the (PVC) in a weight proportion (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%), after burning the kaolin at ( ) for two hours, was added to (PVC) material in the same previous weight proportion, the samples were prepared by the warm pressing method with (0.8- 2mm) thickness. The testing results shows that the dielectric strength decreased when the burnt kaolin is added because of existence of crystallize water, on the other hand adding burnt kaolin the lack of dielectric strength refer to existence of changes in lattice structure of powder clay’s. The value of dielectric strength for (PVC- non burnt Kaolin) composite was less than (PVC- burnt Kaolin) composite because of existing of crystallize water which have high dielectric constant, but it marked by high coefficient losing factor compared with other dielectric materials. The dielectric strength decrease with increase in electrical factor loss. The results shows for two composites (PVC- non burnt Kaolin) and (PVC- burnt Kaolin) in succession decreasing in dielectric strength with increase in thickness and the dielectric strength are increased with an average time of voltage evaluated for each composites. The effect of cycles number on the dielectric strength for both composites shows decreasing of dielectric strength which was obvious after the first cycle. Also the dielectric strength were decreased with temperature increasing for both composites. The getting photograph photos of breakdown region were shown by using the optical microscope are shown carbonized samples in the breakdown region because of destroy polymers chains for (PVC) polymer, and micro cracks are formed due to breakdown especially when we added high percentage of non- burnt Kaolin extended directly form breakdown point. The photos of burning kaolin, shows that the macro cracks was more zigzag than in the case of non- burnt Kaolin because of high hardness and increasing of brittleness of the material.

The samples are cast as thin film from homopolymer (PMMA) before and after doping with methyl orange at different concentration. The samples are exposed to UV-radiation for exposure time within (10-50hr) range. At other time the samples were heated to (100-110 and 120°C). These polymer systems were evaluated spectrophotometrically. The absorption spectra of exposed samples show radiation induced absorption changes in the wavelength range, which depends on the dopent concentrations. The photodegradation increases the absorption of degraded samples. The increment depends dopant concentration, especially in ultra violet region in exposed PMMA doped with methyl orange at 6.7×10 -2wt/wt concentration. The decreased in absorption is seen for the cases in which photo and thermal degradation had caused surface damage, chain scission formation, especially in ultra violet region in the PMMA samples. Calibration curves are drawn at peaks of selected wavelength in the absorption spectra. The linear regions from the calibration curves are selected. Energy gap shift ,with thermal aging of PMMA before and after doping with Methyl Orange exhibited significant change at (110°C), is near the (Tg) of (PMMA). Morphological investigations for the surface damages (chain scission) caused by thermal and photo degradation are detected by optical microscope. It is found that the photo degradation and thermal aging could easily lead to some mechanical surface degradation. The effect of dopant concentration on dielectric constant and thermal conductivity is also studied. The results show increase in dielectric constant with increasing dopant concentration. PMMA doped methyl orange at 6.7х10-2wt/wt concentration selected to study dielectric constant and thermal conductivity due to its best response. It is found that there are systematic changes in its dielectric constant, and thermal conductivity with its response range.

In this study, (Cd2SnO4) thin film has been prepared by Spray pyrolysis on the slides glasses of ( 0.2 M ) fro (CdCl2.2H2O) and (0.2 M,0.1 M) from (SnCl4.5H2O) . some films were prepared in different temperature ( 543,583,703) k, also it is preparation some samples in different spray distance (24,29,34) cm,and also it is prepared some samples in two flow rates of gases (24,27) ml/min and it is prepared another samples (Cd:Sn) in different volume concentrations(1 : 1,2 : 1) , and also we will make annealing process at temperatures (873 k) and for ( 60 min ) . It is obtain from the test of X – Ray diffraction that the deposition films at low degrees of temperature was crystalline and these films be amorphous at high degrees of temperature. The heat annealing of the films decrease the crystal defects and that increase the film’s crystalline degree and begin to growth crystal planes to amorphous films. The optical measurements obtained that the films have high transmition in visible region and that make it transmition materials for that region where it have transmition between (55 % - 97%) from wave lengths (740 – 900 ) nm ,and the annealing film’s tansmition increase and this increase combined with increase the energy gap for annealing films. Also the Absorption coefficient and Extinction coefficient change because of the changing the preparation conditions for the films , like( temperature degree of deposition substrate , spray distance , flow velocity of sputter gas , molarity concentration and volume percentage for contains deposition solution) .

The previous studies carried out siliconizing in pack process in the range of 1000- 1200Cº .They found that the pack mass was sintered ,and stuck to the samples so that it was very difficult to remove the contaminations from the pack.The samples were very much distorted and the grain size of the core increased due to high temperature and prolonged heat treatment. In this study, the synthesis of pack cemented coating was investigated on two stainless steels (304 and 316L), in order to form silicide compounds on their surface at lower temperatures(800, 900, and 950C º) to avoid sintering of the pack and adhesion of material to the samples surface, then studying the mechanical & oxidation properties of these samples. In our investigation silicon was used as a master alloy and alumina (Al2O3) as a filler material. Also ammonium chloride was used as an activator with different weight percentage as (5,7, and 10%), in order to increase the efficiency of the coating layer formation process. The results of X-Ray diffraction allow to conclude that the upper layer obtained is a mixture of intermetallic phases, therefore, we conclude that coating mainly comprises ( Fe-Si ) inter - metallic compounds, this layer is followed by an inter - diffusion zone consisting (Si) inward diffusion in the substrate and outward diffusion of alloying elements as represented by LOM images. The coating layer formation is a temperature and activator weight percentage dependant process, which means that it is a diffusion controlled reaction. Thus the thickness of sample siliconized with pack content 10% activator at 950Cº is higher than sample siliconized with pack content 7% and 5% activator and these samples have higher thickness than samples coating at 900Cº and 800Cº at same conditions. The average coating thickness obtained by siliconizing process after 4hr by using different activator weight percentage for the two selected alloys are : 1- 68.520 - 129.390µm for 304 ss alloy. 2- 75.929 - 192.592µm for 316L ss alloy. Weight gain test result shows different behavior with increasing temperature and activator weight percentage. As temperature and activator weight percentage are increased the weight gain droops to negative value due to formation of iron chloride which encourage the migration of iron from the substrate surface to the pack. In addition to the above, those alloys have shown a great deal of improvement in wear resistance due to the formation of hard phases which clearly contributed in increasing hardness value and ultimate tensile strength. Oxidation test in dry air has also been implemented under a temperature of 850Cº for all specimens of the selective alloys (coated and uncoated ). The results show an enhancement in oxidation resistance for those alloys due to formation of protective oxide scale SiO2 which increase their oxidation resistance. Micro - hardness testing appears a gradual decrease in hardness towards the core indicating that the composition of coating consists of a solid solution of Fe-Si of varying composition at different depth.

In the present work , a bulk graphite substrate was coated with nickel and multilayer of nickel- chrome using electroplating technology. The experimental equipment and facilities were locally designed and constructed. After steps ( cutting , grinding and cleaning ) of substrates and bath solution preparation, the electroplating process for preparing substrates was began. The deposition conditions ( PH ,distance between electrodes , time of plating and current density ) were varied during deposition process. The heat treatment was carried out or selected electrodeposited specimens at different temperatures for one hour. The test and measurements ( optical examination, thickness measurements, adhesion test and microhardness test) of coated bulk graphite by layer of nickel and multilayer of nickel- chrome were carried out . The optical examination for morphologies of the coated surfaces showed that the variation in deposition conditions are influenced the microstructure of the electrodeposited layers. From the microstructure analysis , it was found that the grain size tend to be smaller as the PH of solution , the current densities and distances between electrodes are increased and time decreased. The effect of heat treatment on the microstructure showed an encouraged grain growth which was more at high treatment temperature. The mechanical tests of electrodeposited layers results showed that the maximum value of adhesion strength was ( 13.75 MPa at t= 15 min. and PH = 3.5) , but most samples show a perfect adhesion strength . Adhesion strength is also enhanced by heat treatment effect due to the diffusion occurred between the coating layer and substrate. The microhardness value of graphite coated by layer of nickel showed to be increased to maximum values ( 585 MPa at PH = 3.5and J= 6.5 A/dm2 ), and the maximum values of microhardness of graphite coated by multilayer of nickel-chrome was 1325 MPa at t = 120 min. and J = 32.6 A / dm2, but the microhardness values decreased by the effect of heat treatment.

The research may be more advance results which would be very useful in most industrial applications. The effective engineering grooves shape on adhesive toughness and strength, especially at many adhesive materials selected and used (Epoxy Resin, Unsaturated polyester Resin, poly vinyl alcohol, Synthetic Arabic Gum) (UP/EP/ PVA/GR) with sandwich adhesive materials like Wood, Aluminum and Teflon. First stapes, all adhesive materials were experimented and all mechanical properties had been denoted. Sandwich molds could be made from such that selected materials with different engineering grooves shape triangle, squire and circular with asymmetric bonding of (0°, 90°) degree. Shape of grooves and symmetric bonding degree two different angles had be tested and investigated. (EP) resin shows with aluminum molds which has triangle groove, high magnitude of (Modulus of Rigidity) (K) (122.2085 MPa) at zero angle, other wise in (90°) angle shows (95.59055 MPa). The same thing done with aluminum which have squire grooves shape at zero angle, (K) was (95.25825 MPa), (90°) angle (K) equal (284.0124 MPa). Than with circular grooves (K) values at different angles was denoted as (347.1919 MPa) at (0°) angle and (102.8187 MPa) at (90°) angle. The process was made for Wood and Teflon also with same different grooves and different angles (0°, 90°) as well as (UP, GR and P.V.A) used with the same different molds too. An application of (EP) as adhesive materials with Wood was made and found efficient and succeeds with high (K) and low (K) with aluminum receptivity. The experimental results of using (UP) with aluminum mold was (100.7299 MPa), (275.5964 MPa) for angle (0°, 90°) respectively, at triangle grooves, Teflon molds result test was (38.68297 MPa) (14.211714 MPa) for (K) and (0°, 90°) angles respectively and triangle grooves. At squire grooves (K) results was (159.9606 MPa) and (247.1016 MPa) for (0°, 90°) angles respectively. Using (UP) with wood mold found more efficient than another adhesive resins. The result was not succeed when use (GR and PVA) with aluminum and Teflon molds. The experimental result of using (GR and PVA) with wood mold was value (K) (129.5383 MPa), (190.1477 MPa), (38.33469 MPa), (34.73393 MPa) for angle (0°, 90°) respectively at triangle grooves. At squire groove (K) were show (111.8 MPa), (69.19796 MPa), (31.07483 MPa), (38.78967 MPa) for (0°, 90°) angles respectively. The experimental results of using (GR) with wood mold which has triangle grooves at angle (90°) and using (PVA) with wood mold which has squire grooves at angle (0°), shows higher fracture resistance.

In this work metal matrix composite was produced by powder metallurgy method (M/P). Aluminum powder was used as matrix and silicon oxide was used of (106 µm) particle size at weight percentage ( 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) from silicon oxide as first stage. Then the sample were formed by unaxial pressing by using hydraulic press with pressure equal (5 ton) sintered in side electric furnaces under atmosphere of inert gas (argon) at different temperatures as fallowing: • 470 ˚C for (one, two, and three) hours In the second stage the same particle size that have been chosen , and used weight percentage (5%) from silicon oxide which reinforced to aluminum and the sintering process was done as the following: • 500 ˚C and 530 ˚C for (one, two, and three) hours All samples were subjected to the following: Density and porosity and Hardness and Compressive strength and X-Ray diffraction to determine all phases. It was found that the density increase after sintering , and in X-Ray diffraction was found there is no new phase exist after sintering, at all sintering temperature that sintering by it and any time and period for all the weight percentage. Also it was found that the hardness is increased with increment of the amount of added particles, and the hardness is increased with increment of the sintering temperature, except at temperature (530 ˚C) the hardness was decreased when that it was in temperature (500 ˚C) . and the hardness is increased the sintering time temperature except temperature(530 ˚C) . Also it was found that the compressive strength increased with increment of the amount of added particles, and the compressive increased with increment of the sintering temperature, except at the temperature of (530 ˚C), the compressive strength decreases when that it was in temperature (500 ˚C) . And the compressive is increased the sintering time temperature except temperature (530 ˚C). From the wear test it is found that the wear resistance increase with the increasing the weight percentage of SiO2 particles, and the wear resistance with increasing the sintering temperature except at temperature (530 ˚C), and the wear resistance increases with the increasing the sintering temperature and the period of sintering temperature.

The research involves study of Adhesion wear resistance with changing load applied and also asliding velocity, disc's type was studied also for polymer blends using Epoxy ,Unsaturated Polyester and Novolac phenol,as a thermosetting blend was prepared as binary and ternary polymer blends; using these resins with that ratios as follows: 1- Binary blends (EP/UP) at blend ratios (80%/20%). 2- Binary blends (EP/Nov) at blend ratios (80%/20%). 3- Ternary blends (EP/ UP /Nov) at blend ratios (80%/10%/10%). 4- Ternary blends (EP/ UP /Nov) at blend ratios (60%/20%/20%). Also compression strength and shore hardness were studied before and after immersing in chemical solutions (NaOH,HCl) with concentration (0.5) normalit ;Diffusion coefficient were calculated for blend in (NaOH,HCl,NaCl, H2O) . In general the wear resistance was increased in binary blends from (2.3873 gm/cm) compared with the ternary (0.9018 gm/cm); also increased with increasing load applied till (20N) from (0.5093 - 4.0319 (gm/cm)). also wear ratio increase with increasing immersion time at amount (4.5624 gm/cm) . The effect of base solution (8.1169 gm/cm) was greater than that of the acid (4.7746 gm/cm) in all blends. Wear resistance was increased in brass disc (1.5415 gm/cm) compared with iron disc (0.3713 gm/cm). Compression strength was decreased after immersing in solution and also shore hardness. Diffusion coefficient (Dx) was less one for binary blends (80%EP/20%UP) compared with other.

In this study it has been used the powder of petroleum coke from type needle coke as a filling material which content high percentage of carbon element and it was used a carbohedric material as a bonding material represented with a sugar solution (sugar & water) where sugar is classified in hydrogen cokes family, and this type of carbohedric residue carbon element during heat process. We were chosen four grain sizes from the filling material and every size of them would be divided to four samples and put them under a different medium heat temperatures reached to (1000oc). During heat treatment we get lose in weight of the samples against increase of the true density for them. Then we added the bending material (which was (16%) and equal to (0.2 gm) from the whole weight of the sample), and after homogenous mix and press processing we would dry the samples in (180oc) and then we make the electrical test. The best results were for the samples which have lower grain size and it represented with (D1 , D2 , D3 and D4); where the electrical conductivity was [ (0.329) , (0.482) , (0.739) , (1.522) ] (Ω.cm)-1 respectly , and for the other sizes the best results were for it which had heat treatment at (1000oc) where it was [(0.780) , (1.005) , (1.302) , (1.522)] (Ω.cm)-1 respectly, X – ray diffraction to the samples which had heat treatment in (1000oc) and for the samples which have lower grain size and had heat treatment in different temperatures, we observed that the grain size and temperature of heat treatment effect the crystalline degree where the crystalline degree increases when the grain size decreases and the temperature of heat treatment increases.

This research including preparation a thermoplastic polymer blends to improve its mechanical & physical properties, the blend used was (HDPE) High Density Polyethylene & (HIPS) High Impact Polystyrene, with different weight ratio and compare it with its components individually using Single Screw Extruder. The behavior of this blend was studied using some physical and mechanical properties such as ( Hardness , Compression, creep , Impact , Bending , Thermal conductivity & Diffusion coefficient of these blends with solutions (Nacl ,KOH, HNO3) with Normality (0.5 N). It was found that HIPS decreased the Impact strength & Thermal conductivity when adding to HDPE ,also Compression strength decreased unless the ratio (90 HDPE/ 10 HIPS)% found increased . Also adding HIPS to HDPE increases Hardness, Creep strength, Young modulus and the higher Young modulus was (70 HDPE/ 30 HIPS)%. Diffusion Coefficient ( D ) was calculated for all samples in a chemical solutions(Nacl ,KOH, HNO3) with Normality (0.5 N) for three months ; the higher value for D was for Nacl & HNO3 solution for HDPE and HIPS alone ; the higher D for blends was found in KOH for (90 HDPE/ 10 HIPS)%.

The research involves using phenol – formaldehyde (Novolak) resin for making Novolak compact with hexamethylenetramine in different ratio (15%) and (20%) by weight , also this work involves preparing composite material by using Novolak as a matrix , while flint was used as rein forcing material and making composite compact with same ratio of hardener . The research was studied mechanical , physical , thermal and electrical properties for all specimens in natural conditions and after immersion in natural water . Mechanical test included ( hardness , compression and adhesion force ) , while thermal tests included thermal conductivity and Erosion resistance , this test included photographs pictures further , physical test were studied including the specimen's absorption after immersion the samples in distilled and natural water . Electrical tests were studied including relative dielectric constant for all samples . In general the results have show that flint and increasing of hardener (HMTA) leads to enhancement hardness , but at the same time give negativity effect for compression . The results show that the flint and increasing the (HMTA) positivity affect the erosion resistance but negativity affect the thermal conductivity. For relative dielectric constant , flint and increasing the (HMTA) leads to improvement relative dielectric constant . The results show that the immersion in water leads to decreasing mechanical properties and relative dielectric constant but increase thermal conductivity .

In this work, we designed and fabricated a d.c. sputtering system for deposition of different films. The cathode was made of copper metal and consists of two main pieces, first was a disc contains a cylindrical cavity for fix the sputtering target. This disc is fixed to the second piece of cathode, which is the lower cylinder using (4) nuts and rubber O-ring to prevent leakage during operation of the system. The cathode was covered with cylindrical case of aluminium metal to prevent the sputtering from other parts of cathode except the surface of target. The anode contains a rectangle stainless steel plate, on which the substrate was fixed. This plate was fixed to isolated bakalite arm. The deposition chamber was pumped with pumping system consists of a mechanical-rotary pump and a diffusion pump. The sputtering deposition processes is achieved with pure argon (99.999%) and a cadmium target of (5cm) for (30min.) under different voltages (3.5, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.4, 4.6, 4.8)kV., and under different pressures ( , , , , )Torr, with different inter-electrode distances (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)cm. X-ray diffraction spectra of some sputtered films show the hexagonal- closed structure, which belong to the cadmium metal. The experimental results show that the sputtering yield increases with increment of voltage and pressure, and decrease with increment of inter-electrode distance. Maximum deposition rate was (102-105)A°/min. at voltage of (4.6kV), pressure of ( Torr), and at inter-electrode distance of (2cm). In general, transmittance increases with increment of wavelength from (360nm) to (450nm), and shows a rapid increment from (450nm) to (900nm). In general, Absorption coefficient decreases with increment of wavelength from (360nm) to (500nm), and shows a rapid decrease from (500nm) to (900nm). In general, Extinction coefficient decreases with increment of wavelength from (360nm) to (500nm), and shows a rapid decrease from (500nm) to (900nm).

In this research, we studied the cracking behavior of polymeric blend consists of epoxy (EP) and polysulphide (PSR) using projectile technique. We prepared specimens at different weight ratio extended from (0% to 100%). Results have shown that in the increase of the polysulphide in the binary mixture the kinetic energy of the bullet will reduces because of the increase in the energy containment and latter the damage that the target is exposed to will be reduced and the momentum will be less and the number of the circular cracks would increase and the radial cracks which were at high number when the target was made of pure epoxy resin (EP) would decrease. In studying the effect of three basic axes presented in the thickness of the sample, the bullet mass and the distance between the target and the shot gun mouth. it has been concluded that in changing the sample's thickness to (4, 6, 8)mm and the firmness of the bullet mass and the distance it appeared that there is a reduction in the value of kinetic energy of the bullet. In increasing the sample's thickness and the number the circular cracks in the number of radial cracks. But when changing the distance for the dimensions (4, 6, 8)mm it has been observed that there is no impact on the kinetic force of the bullet. In increasing the distance between the gun mouth and the target which is explained on the basis that the increase in the distance led to an equal increase in time and later firmness in speed and energy. When the bullet mass is changed in the value of the kinetic energy was observed and an increase in the number of radial cracks and reduction in the circular cracks. The specimens were photographed by using the using the optical microscope and cracks appeared in these pictures and a test for the hardness for samples mentioned earlier and we have come that increasing the rubber of the polysulphide (PSR) firmness will be lower because in the energy absorbed in the mixture.

Unsaturated polyester resin widely separated because of its low cost and its good physical properties . To get higher impact resistance , it has been blended with nitrile rubber (NBR) , for the weight ratios (UP 70/ NBR 30)% and (UP 80 / NBR 20)% . In another experiment , the first blend was reinforced with (12 %) of glass powder . Some mechanical and physical properties were carried out on these samples like : impact strength , (I.S) , elastic modulus (E) , compressive strength (C.S) hardness , friction coefficient (F.C) , thermal conductivity and diffusion coefficient at different conditions including : natural conditions , and after the immersion in chemical solutions for different periods of time such as (water , H2SO4 acid solution and CaCl2 salt solution ) at different concentrations (0.1,0.2,0.3)N. The results showed that the composite material reinforced with glass powder has showed higher impact strength , Young’s modulus and thermal conductivity and the polymer blend (UP 70 / NBR 30)% has showed higher compressive strength , hardness and friction coefficient With respect to the effect of water and chemical solutions on mechanical properties , the results of this study showed the increase in impact strength values of polymer blend (UP 80 / NBR 20)% after the immersion in these chemical solutions compared with natural conditions . It has found that the polymer blend (UP 70 / NBR 30)% has higher diffusion coefficient in the (0.2)N H2SO4 acid solution while the other polymer blend (UP 80/ NBR 20)% has higher diffusion coefficient in water.

This work has been done with using of unsaturated polyester resin mixed with natural rubber (90%-10%) to compose polymeric blend. This polymeric blend is the matrix, which reinforced with several types of reinforcements (Al powder, Al wires, and glass fibers) with a volume fraction of 20%. Hand Lay-up method is used in fabrication of samples of research. Four samples have been prepared: - 1. Blend (Unsaturated polyester + Natural Rubber). 2. Blend reinforced with hybrid (Al wires + glass fibers). 3. Blend reinforced with Al wires. 4. Blend reinforced with Al powder. Several mechanical tests are carried out on these samples, and these are:- Bending test, hardness test, compression test, impact test, creep test, and flexural test. These tests are carried out on samples under the influence of normal conditions (room temperature) and after immersion of all samples in the chemical solutions (KOH, HNO3, and Na2CO3) for 1,2, and 3 months. The normality for all these chemical solutions is 1. Results show that samples of blend reinforced with hybrid (Al wires + glass fibers) possess better mechanical properties of impact strength, creep resistance, and flexural strength at all conditions of tests (room temperature and after immersion in chemical solutions). Moreover, these samples possess better mechanical properties of bending (Young’s modulus) after being immerged in chemical solutions. Samples of blend (Unsaturated polyester + Natural Rubber) possess better mechanical properties of compression strength at all conditions of test. While samples of blend reinforced with Al wires possessed better mechanical properties of bending (Young’s modulus) in room temperature, and hardness after being immerged in chemical solutions. Finally samples of blend reinforced with Al powder possess better mechanical properties of hardness at room temperature. Generally, samples of blend reinforced with hybrid (Al wires + glass fibers) are the better samples in the mechanical tests, while samples of blend reinforced with Al powder are the weakest samples in the mechanical tests. The tests results are affected by all the chemical solutions, but the base solution KOH is the most effective solution.

This thesis studies the prepareation of PbTe alloy and thin films and measurement of its structural, electrical and optical properties. The importance of this comes from the important role that the PbTe plays in IR applications because it has a small energy gap (0.30)eV. PbTe alloy has been prepared successfully in an evacuated quartz ampoule. By x-ray diffraction (XRD)it was found that; the alloy is polycrystalline with cubic structure . The PbTe thin films have been prepared by thermal evaporation from the alloy in a vacuum of (2*10-5)mbar with thickness 500nm at room temperatures and annealed at different annealing temperatures of (373,423,473)K for 30 min. The XRD examination show that PbTe thin films prepared at room temperature and annealed at different temperature are polycrystalline with cubic structure The electrical measurements show that the PbTe thin films have two kinds of activation energy increased with increasing annealing temperature . The Hall effect measurements prove that thin films are n-type at room temperature and convert to p-type by annealing temperature and found that NH decreases with increasing annealing temperature but μH increases with increasing annealing temperature. The optical measurements show that the PbTe thin films have direct energy gap which show that energy gap increases with increasing annealing temperatures and measure the optical constant (refractive index, extinction coefficient and real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant ) which decrease with increasing annealing temperatures.

Due to increasing the importance which was occurred in the last year for using composite materials in general and polymers in especial in different advanced industrial applications, so this research come to explaine the important mechanical properties and the effect of aggressive chemical solutions on polymeric composite materials. Epoxy resin type (EP-223)was used as a matrix for composite materials, with iron on the form of wires iron powder and Nylon mat as reinforcement with volume fraction (Vf=30%). Three types of composites were prepared:- (1)Epoxy reinforced with iron wires and Nylon. (2)Epoxy reinforced with iron powder. (3)Epoxy reinforced with iron wires and iron powder. Research subject was implies studying some of mechanical and physical properties for composite materials in different conditions (Natural conditions and Chemical solutions). The chemical solutions which was used in the research were:- Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and Nitric acid (HNO3)with concentration (0.5N),(1N)for each one. Mechanical properties that be studied were:- Young's Modulus (E), Impact Strength (I.S.), Compressive Strength (C.S) and Brinel Hardness (HBr), and also we were studied physical properties which were:- Thermal Conductivity, Dielectric (D.C.)and also Absorption test for all prepared composite materials with calculating diffusion coefficient by immersing them for a period of time in chemical solutions. In natural conditions, composite material reinforced with iron powder showed the highest value of young's modulus(8.6716 GPa), hardness (19.3873).Hybrid composite material reinforced with(iron wires and nylon) showed the highest value of impact strength (58.1170 KJ/m2) and compressive strength(111.209 MPa), while the highest value of thermal conductivity was for hybrid composite material of iron powder and wires (0.6319 W/m.oC). On the other hard, and concerning the study of mechanical and physical properties and absorption test for composite materials which were immersed in chemical solutions, have recored contrasty results from one material to another.

In this research thin films of (ZnS) have been prepared as pure and doped by Aluminum (Al), Copper (Cu) and Nickel (Ni) with different ratio (i.e 2% , 5%), the films were prepared by chemical spray Pyrolysis from zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and thioriaa (CS(NH2)2) at substrate temperature (583K). The structural properties of thin films were studied by using reflective optical microscope and x-ray diffraction. Were appeared that the thin films have polycrystalline structure type (Zincblende) and the doping processes did show obvious effect on crystal structure of (ZnS) films doping with (Cu and Ni) where became near from amorphous structure, also calculated the lattice constant (a) and its values decreased after doping process. From studying of optical properties for range of wave length (300-900nm), the transmission were (75-85%), where doping process did show decreases in transmission of thin films because extinction increasing in radiation intensity after doping. Also calculated the optical constant such as absorption coefficient (), extinction coefficient (K) and energy gap (Eg) for direct electronic transitions where value equal to (3.42eV) before doping and between (3.38-3.02)eV after doping depending on material and concentration doping. Finally, the electrical properties for all films were studied through variation of resistively () with temperature for range (303-413)K and calculated the electrical conductivity () and activation energy (Ea). As a result of the doping process the conductivity was increased but the activation energy was decreased, from Seebeck effect investigations showed all films were of (n – type), and from the measurements of the activation energy of electro-thermal power (Es) that the its values was increased after doping and from it calculated the activation energy of mobility (E) where equal to different between (Ea) and (Es).