Color is among the most important factors that affect the aesthetic appearance of artificial teeth were prepared by using 3% yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (3%Y-TZP) in four zirconia systems (Z-Y, Z-T, Z-T-A, Z-T-G), Titania (TiO2) nano and micro was added in weight ratios (2,4,15,20,25) %. Alumina (Al2O3) was added in weight ratios (6.5 and 12) %. and lithium disilicate glass (Li2Si2O5) was added in weight ratios (12.5 and 25) %. The specimens were formed using a uniaxial hydraulic press at a pressure of 3 tons and sintered for (2 hrs.) at 1200 ◦C, 1400 ◦C, and 1500 ◦C, several properties were examined physical, mechanical, and structural properties Also, thermal conductivity, and both surface roughness and microhardness all were studied before and after immersion in artificial saliva and tea. Where the specimens were immersed in artificial saliva for (24 hrs) for three months, and then the specimens were immersed in tea for half an hour daily for three months. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) results show the tetragonal phase as the main phase with a small percentage of monoclinic phase due to 3% yttria addition and tetragonal zirconia has excellent mechanical properties such as fracture toughness. and scanning electron microscope (SEM) results indicate homogeneous grain distribution and low apparent porosity. At 1500°C, the addition of 25% nano titania decreased apparent porosity from 0.2 to 0.05, 16% titania-alumina decreased it from 0.2 to 0.04, and 29% titania-glass decreased it from 0.2 to 0.03. Water absorption decreased with lower apparent porosity. Apparent density increased with nano titania: 25% from 4.06 g/cm3 to 4.95 g/cm3, 16% of titania-alumina from 4.06 g/cm3 to 5 g/cm3, and 29% of titania-glass increased from 4.06 g/cm3 to 5.45 g/cm3. microhardness increased at an additional ratio of 25% nano TiO2 from (450 MPa) to (1100 MPa), at 16% (titania-alumina) increased from (450 MPa) to (1200 MPa) and at 29 % (titania-glass) increased from (450 MP) to (1250 MPa) so the best value of microhardness was obtained at a 29% titania-glass and diametrical strength increased to more than (75 MPa) at a ratio of 25% of nano TiO2. Specimens immersed in artificial saliva and tea for 3 months showed no changes in surface roughness and microhardness. Vita shade (3D-Master) results indicated that the color values of L, R, and M closely matched those of natural teeth. Notably, the mixture containing 29% Z-T-G exhibited excellent color stability, making it one of the top-performing mixtures in terms of maintaining color integrity.

Natural teeth are exposed to diseases and accidents that lead to tooth damage, so replace natural teeth with artificial teeth that suit the oral environment. This research studies the possibility of toughing and improving the mechanical, and physical properties of the zirconia systems through added alumina to the zirconia for the teeth industry. Specimens were prepared from 3%mol(Y2O3) yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP) with added alumina (Al2O3) with particle size (50nm Nano, 50μm micro) at different Wight ratios (2, 4, 15, 20, and 25) %. The specimens were formed by a uniaxial and isostatic pressing hydraulic press (3) Ton and sintering at 1570 ºC for 2 hrs. The dental specimen's physical (Apparent porosity, Apparent density, Water apportions, surface roughness) mechanical properties (Vickers micro hardness, Diametrical strength, and wear rate), and weight loss were investigated. In X-ray diffraction, it appears the main phase is tetragonal as a result of the addition of yttria to stop phase transitions in zirconia. It showed that the specimens consisted of two materials: tetra crystalline zirconia (Y-TZP) stabilized with yttria and alumina after sintering at 1570 ⁰C. The specimens showed in Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) that the distribution of materials is homogeneous in the specimens, the absence of pores and dense materials, and the appearance of the tetragonal crystals of zirconia. The results showed the physical properties of the specimens, decreased the porosity appeared close to zero (0.09) %, and the apparent density increased to (4.95) mg/cm3 when 25% Nano-alumina was added to (Y-TZP). They also showed an increase in mechanical properties such as hardness (1241) Mpa and diametrical strength when 25% Nano-alumina was added to (Y-TZP) and appeared low wear rate when a weight of (50,100) N for half an hour. The specimens of zirconia systems were immersed in artificial saliva for 24 hrs and immersed in the acid solution (acetic acid and citric acid) for half an hour per day for three months. After immersion, surface roughness, hardness, weight loss, and wear rate were tested. The results showed no change in surface roughness and hardness of the specimens. The results also showed no increase in the wear rate and no weight loss of the zirconia system specimens. The specimens prepared from alumina-toughened zirconia have good mechanical properties and are suitable for the dental industry in the oral environment.

The aim of this study is to develop the specifications of unsaturated polyester (UPE) resin by adding natural fibers and natural particles as reinforcing material. These natural filler materials are chosen to be sisal fiber (SF) as natural fiber and pomegranate shell particle (PSP) and coconut shell particle (CSP) as natural particles. Both types used were treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to increase the connection with the UPE before using it as a reinforced material. In this study, the selected weight fractions (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.%) for the natural particles and for natural fiber were selected to be (2%) in all cases. Hence, the effects of variables (weight fracture) were investigated on the mechanical properties (impact strength, wear rate, hardness, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and surface roughness) and the physical properties (density, water absorption, and thermal conductivity). In addition, miscibility and morphology tests were also studied. Results showed compared with pure UPE, a clear improvement in the mechanical properties of the UPE reinforced with sisal fibers. When (5wt%) CSP was added to the fiber-particle reinforced polyester, the flexural modulus increased (22%), but decreased (33%), when PSP was added at the same ratio. The flexural strength increases when the ratio of CSP particles rises but reduces with a rising PSP ratio. It's interesting to note that the impact strength value increased (7%) when adding (5 wt.%) CSP and (23% when adding PSP in the same ratio, while it decreased at higher ratios. The maximum shear increased (16%) with reinforced PSP (5 wt.%) and (45%) with reinforced CSP (20 wt.%). The surface roughness value continuously rises as the additive ratio increases. The hardness increases when polyester is reinforced with all filler types (CSP and PSP), while increasing by 16 percent with PSP and by 21 percent with CSP. Wear rate decreases when it is reinforced with CSP and PSP; also, the highest density was at (15, 20) wt.% of PE/sisal/CSP hybrid composite when reinforced with all additives added in varying amounts. Water absorption decreases when SF and CSP are added but rises when PSP is added, reaching a maximum of 15%. Thermal conductivity increased by 4% when reinforced with sisal fiber, 24% when PSP (20w.%) was added, and 68% when CSP was added at the same ratio. Finally, with PE reinforced with (SF, PSP, and CSP), the specific heat increases, and the maximum value is set at 20%. For miscibility and morphological tests, the results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) on sisal fiber before and after treatments showed that the bonding process had been accelerated because the band intensity in the treated fibers was less intense than that in the untreated fibers. As for the results of the scanning electron microscope test (SEM), they were carried out for the polyester matrix, where impact test samples with percentages of 5% and 20% were used for each of the UPE with PSP and the UPE with CSP. When reinforced with PSP, the particles' distribution became somewhat unbound in some areas and had a heterogeneous structure. When the composite was reinforced with CSP, it had a fairly uniform distribution of submerged particles within the polyester resin and a strong bonding between the particles, the resin, and the fibers. Finally theses samples can use in many application such as, Automobiles, airplanes, furnishings, construction and other structural application.

Aluminum metal matrix composites (AMMCs) are an imported type in material science, and their applications have been increasingly applied during the past years, especially in wear resistant materials, it is an essential factor to consider as it directly affects the lifespan and performance of the brake pad. This research has found that the improvements in the wear rate and mechanical properties (hardness and compressive strength) of aluminum matrix composites can be made of Al/SiCn composites and Al/SiCn/Grµ hybrid composite by using the powder metallurgy technique. This work deals with, Al/SiCn composite includes the additional nano silicon carbide particles SiCn with different volume fraction (2, 4, 6, 8,10 to pure Al) while for Al/SiCn/Grµ hybrid composites a further addition was (1,3,5) by volume friction of micro-graphite particles (Grµ) with different particle size at 3% Gr. The starting powder was wet (magnetic stirrer, ultrasonic) and dry (heating 80 °C for one hour and oven 80 °C -2h) in oven for mixing the best uniform distribution was achieved by this method. Then compacted via cold pressed at 180 MPa for 3 min and sintered for 2 hours at 620 °C on AMCS, mechanical and tribological properties and intermetallic composite examination via XRD diffraction were studied. Also, Optical and SEM were used to investigate the morphology of mixed powders and some nanocomposite samples. Results of optical microscopy images of mixed powders for the Al matrix and hybrid nanopowders (SiC + Gr) indicate good mixing between the different micro and nanopowders and homogenous distribution of nanopowders in the Al matrix, SEM micrographs of the fracture surface of the hybrid composite showed the plastic deformation of hard ceramic(SiC) with high porosity of solid lubricant(Gr). The X-Ray results showed no intermediate phase appeared between SiC, Gr and Al, the SiC, Gr intensity increased as the volume fraction of them increased. The physical properties of the hybrid composite, including, density and porosity of sintered specimens were also characterized by Archimedes technique. As an increase via porosity percent and decrease in density had found as the volume fraction of SiC, Gr increased. Mechanical properties of the hybrid composite showed great improvement compared to pure Al, the highest values for microhardness and compressive strength were achieved by Al/6% SiC/3% Gr at 75µm particle size of Gr (220 HV) and Al/6 % SiC (154.6 MPa), respectively. Tribological properties assessed the composites resistance to wear and its frictional behavior under sliding contact, the results were evaluated to identify favorable volume fraction and particle size combinations that exhibited reduced wear and coefficient friction rate, the best-recorded result as (0.242) at Al/4% SiC/1% Gr, (0.105) at Al/5%Gr for wear and coefficient friction.

his work aims to enhance the mechanical properties (compression strength, flexural strength, impact strength tensile strength and hardness) of Polylactic Acid (PLA), a 3D printed Polymer material. The fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique was used to produce the 3D printed samples. The polymer filaments were manufactured into 3D prints using locally-made 3D printer. And the specimens were designed by a software that transfers design patterns into the moving printer head with a nozzle that pushes the melted polymer into the final shape. Three specimens of each type have been tested with a selected infill ratios (30, 50, and 70%) and infill pattern (line, gyroud, and tri-hexagon). The results showed that the 70 percent infill ratio with linear pattern had the highest compressive strength, in case of the compression test, the test was done using general-purpose (EN772-1) manual compression testing machine for blocks, cubes and cylinders in accordance with the standard specification (ASTM D695), Tri-hexagon infill pattern with 70% infill ratio proved to have the highest values of Flexural strength in the case of Flexural Test, which performed using 3-point bending method according to (ASTM D-790). By universal testing machine (UTM) from (ADMET)/USA. The flexural strength of the samples was calculated and given from the testing machine instantly when the test was finished, the impact strength of samples was determined by using an impact taster according to ISO-179 standards. The impact strength of the specimens was calculated in unit kJ/m2 . Tri-hexagon infill pattern with 70% infill ratio proved to have the highest values of Impact strength in the case ofImpact Test. The tension test was accomplished on samples with standard dimensions according to (ASTM D-638) , by using tensile machine made in UK from AZoMaterials (Testometric AT-S and CT- S models). A crosshead speed of (5 mm/min) was employed as the test speed, Linear infill pattern with 70% infill ratio proved to have the highest values of both Young’s modulus and tensile strength in the case of Tensile Test. Hardness (Shore D) test shows that the maximum hardness value was found at the base side of the specimens and the result of hardness test for all surfaces of the sample were in the hardness standard properties range of (PLA) which is between (67 – 85). The results also showed that the 30 percent infill ratio with Gyroud pattern had the highest compressive strength, Tri-hexagon infill pattern with 30% infill ratio proved to have the highest values of Flexural strength in the case of Flexural Test, The same pattern and infill ratio also had the highest values of Impact strength in the case of Impact Test, Linear infill pattern with 30% infill ratio proved to have the highest values of both Young’s modulus and tensile strength in the case of Tensile Test. In case of 50 percent infill ratio the Line pattern had the highest compressive strength, Tri-hexagon infill pattern with 50% infill ratio proved to have the highest values of Flexural strength in the case of Flexural Test, and the same pattern and infill ratio also had the highest values of Impact strength in the case of Impact Test, Gyroud infill pattern with 50% infill ratio proved to have the highest values of Young’s modulus, the Line pattern had the highest tensile strength in the case of Tensile Test.

Copper Oxide thin films with nano rod-like structures have been prepared by using chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. Both the effect of the annealing temperature (400 and 500 ⁰C) and concentration (0.050, 0,075 and 0.1 M) on the prepared samples were studied. Some tests were carried out for the structural properties (XRD, FESEM, and AFM), optical properties (UV-Visible and Reflectance), and electrical properties (DC-conductivity and Seebeck effect). The results of the X-ray diffraction test revealed that the films have the most obvious peak patterns at 35.60 and 38.72, which belong to the two orientations (002) and (111), respectively, and they have a monoclinic crystal phase. It was found that before heat treatment, the films are weakly crystallized. After annealing, the films have improved crystalline quality, and the CuO thin film posses little dependence on precursor concentration. FE-SEM measurement indicated that the as-deposited film showed irregular shapes. However, after annealing, the morphology is changed to nano-rod shapes. EDS examination confirmed the presence of Cu and O elements in the films, with no peaks indicating the presence of any impurities was observed. The results of the optical properties showed that the prepared films at 0.1 M have a high absorption coefficient of about 104 cm-1 and an energy gap ranging from 1.55 to 2.2 eV. Consequently, CuO is a good candidate for solar cell applications.

For the successful drilling for oil and gas, the drilling fluids are essential materials. In drilling applications, the most commonly used drilling fluids are water-based fluids. They are the first fluids of choice for drilling applications because of their cost-effective, environmentally friendly and non-hazardous nature and locally sourced materials. The major problem is that the gel strength of the drilling fluids produced using local substitutes is too low and the fluid loss is too high. As a result, drilling processes are not sutitable for drilling fluids affected. Drilling operations will be successful when suitable drilling fluids are used to minimize or control hole problems. Numerous studies have been carried out to improve the drilling fluids used in drilling oil wells. Recently, nanotechnology applications have shown a positive impact on drilling fluid technology. The objective of this study is to formulate locally drilling fluids supported nanomaterials to improve the filtration and rheological properties related to these fluids. The attapulgite claystone of Bahar Al-Najaf region is known with (43.4 and 13.9 wt %) of calcite and quartz minerals, respectively. This work is devoted to develop the attapulgite clay which exist at Bahar Al-Najaf region (studying area) to be suitable for oil wells drilling mud. The target of this work is matding the standarels of attapulgite clays of Bahar Al-Najaf with those related to the American Petroleum Institute (API). In order to reach this target; the undesirable material (calcite and quartz particles with diameter greater than 75 µm) should be removed. In addition developing the dispersion of attapulgite rods, should be obtained. In this work, Iraqi attapulgite clay was processed with acetic acid with concentration of (1.138) M, and wet sieving condition was performed with speed 1800 rpm for 20 min and 38 µm mesh size to make it suitable in oil wells drilling mud preparation, MgO/TiO2 Nano-composite was prepared by sol-gel method and liquid phase precipitation method at different weights of (0.02, 0.05, 0.08) g. XRD and FE-SEM tests were utilized for mineralogical and morphological identification respectively and Ofite viscometer. Ofite Low-Pressure Filter Press were used to measure the rheological and filtration properties of the produced attapulgite from the investigated processes before and after addition of different Nanoparticles. For the wet sieving process, the results showed that the stirring speed and stirring time had great effect on raising the yield of the process. The results of upgrading process with acid treatment for separated attapulgite using the weak acid (acetic acid) showed promising outcome to remove whole calcite mineral without causing any damage to attapulgite morphology. Therefore, upgrading attapulgite clay with acetic acid gave best rheological properties. The results, after addition with different nanomaterials, assured that: Magnesium oxide showed a great contribution to apparent viscosity and plastic viscosity by 16% of attapulgite aqueous suspensions. Titanium dioxide nano particles (TiO2 NPs) showed a good reduction percentage (-4%) in filtrate volume when added to Attapulgite drilling mud, It was noticed that the material (TiO2 NPs) improved the viscosity rate by 2% slightly. Both nanomaterials gave little improvement in the density of drilling mud (MgO, TiO2) nanoparticles in the rate of (2 and 2.1) % respectively. Based on the previous results, the concentrations of nanomaterials that gave the best improvement for filtration properties and viscosity were selected to be (0.05, 0.08) g.

The world is evolving toward extending the life of commodities and decreasing waste by recycling. The purpose of this study is to improve resistance of epoxy against the corrosive conditions by reinforcing it with available chemically resist materials have low cost. This study suggests using the glass waste (G.W) to prepare polymer matrix composites (PMCs) for different applications. Four sets of samples were prepared of (50%) weight fraction, two sets of samples were made and treated at ambient temperature, while others were treated at 50°C for two hours. Each set included either reinforced or unreinforced epoxy. These samples were immersed in different media (Tap Water, (0.5N) NaOH, (0.5N)HCl, Kerosene and Benzene).To find out the resistance of the epoxy after reinforcing, some physical and mechanical tests were carried out, including Optical Microscope, Density, Absorption, Hardness, Compressive strength, Elasticity Modulus, Flexural and Impact Strength. After seven months of immersion, physical and mechanical properties remained unchanged for the composites, in contrast to pure epoxy which all its properties had decreased, that clarified by microscopic images. Composites reinforced by glass particles show an increase in physical and mechanical properties, when compared to elegant epoxy resin alone and remains constant during the immersion period at ambient temperature as well as at 50°C. The increase in the ratio of Vickers hardness, Compressing strength and Elasticity Modulus were (67%, 14% and 62%) respectively at room temperature, while Flexural and Impact strength were (44MPa) and (8 kJ/m2 ) respectively. In addition, the results showed an improvement in those properties of the reinforced and unreinforced samples cured at 50°C. The solutions that had the highest effect on pure epoxy were (HCl and water). This indicates that epoxy acquire resistance after reinforcing with glass waste. It showed good resistance to absorbance of solutions. This encourages glass waste recycling by producing composites with low cost, and with high resistance to corrosive media that may be used for a variety of applications.

In recent years, waste has spread in its different forms, metallic, plastic and glass, so this research aims to invest and recycle metallic waste to manufacture new composite material and study its characteristics. This study involves the preparation of two polymer matrix composites which are inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and utilitarian by the hand lay-up process. Unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) was used as a matrix reinforced with metallic wastes such as Al flakes in one composite and Fe filings in the other composite with different weight fractions (0, 10, 30, 40 and 50) % . All samples were subjected to mechanical and physical tests such as (bending, tensile, hardness, flexural, shear, impact, wear, friction and density tests), and the scanning electron microscope (SEM) of fractured samples' surfaces was conducted. It was found that 10 % wt. of (UPR-Al flakes) is the best reinforcement ratio in tensile, hardness, flexural and shear strength, and Young's modulus tests. (SEM) micrographs showed there is a good distribution at 10 % of Al flakes inside the matrix, and the polyester covers the fillers completely. This denotes an excellent interstitial adhesion between them. While the 50 % wt. of reinforcement was optimum ratio in the impact strength, wear rate, and density where the percentage of increasing in the impact strength and density was approximately 32 %, and 24 %, respectively and the wear rate decreased by 92 %. As for the (UPR-Fe filings), it was found that the addition of iron filings increased Young's modulus by 35 %, and the density by 79 % at 50 % wt. The optimum value for impact strength and hardness observed at 30 % wt. with increasing 43% and 8 % respectively, while when 10 % wt. of Fe filings was added, the tensile strength was increased with 8 %, and the wear rate was decreased with 96 %.

In this work, iron sulfide thin films were prepared by the tilt chemical spray pyrolysis. Two different salts were used (iron nitrate, iron chloride), (FeCl3, Fe(NO3) 3.9H2O), and three different proportions of thiourea (NH2)2C.S was used (1.25M, 1M, 0.75M) to obtain sulfur, and two different temperatures (200°C, 350°C) were used. The prepared thin films by thiourea (1M) were annealed at temperature (400°C) in the presence of sulfur and argon gas. The structural, optical, and electrical properties were studied. The structural properties analysis showed that the thin films prepared with thiourea concentration (1.25M, 0.75M) are amorphous structure and irregularly shaped films. The thin films prepared with thiourea concentration (1M) are amorphous structures in the thin film prepared from iron nitrate salt, the thin film prepared from iron chloride salt contains two phases (pyrite, marcasite), the thin films also have regular shapes nanostructured. The annealed thin films are polycrystalline for the thin film prepared at 350°C for the thin film prepared at 200°C, the XRD analysis showed the start of the crystallization process. The study of the optical properties, by calculating the energy gap of the permissible indirect transmission, and the energy gap values were between (1.53-1.26 eV), and the Seebeck examination showed that the films prepared were p-type, that the prepared films have an absorption coefficient between (2 x 105cm-1-1.1). x105cm-1). As the Seebeck analysis showed that the prepared films are p-type, that the prepared films have an absorption coefficient between (2x105cm-1-1.1x105cm-1), The electrical properties were studied and it was found that the conductivity at the range (0.2(.cm)-1- 3.1(.cm)-1). The thin films were used in the application of the DSSCs as the counter electrode and it was found that the highest efficiency was (6.3%) for the films prepared with thiourea concentration (1.25M).

A low-cost refractory mortar was prepared from medium alumina refractory brick grog and local Iraqi raw materials (Kaolin , Bentonite ). That can be used in building and coating furnaces walls works at high temperatures. The medium alumina refractory bricks were crushed, grinned then saving into three different sizes (coarse - medium - fine) then mixed as (50% coarse, 30% medium and 20% fine. ). two types of mortar (Kaolin - Mortar) (Bentonite - Mortar) were prepared by adding clays in different weight percentages (10, 15, 20, 30, 40)%. The specimens were prepared by hand-forming method, then dried at room temperature for (24) hrs, then firing at (1150) °C, physical mechanical, thermal and microscopic tests were carved out to study the ability of refractory mortar in thermal application. The results shows that the apparent porosity decreases with the addition of clays (Kaolin-Bentonite) and the highest apparent porosity were (29.53% for K-mortar) and (27.785% for B-mortar) at 10% clay, the water absorption decreases with the increase in the percentage of clays (Kaolin-Bentonite) addition and that the highest water absorption ratio were (25.52% for B-mortar) and (24.6% for K-mortar) at 10% clay, in contrast to the apparent density increases with an increase in clays(Kaolin-Bentonite) percentage (2.4g/cm3 for K-mortar) (2.6g/cm3 for B -mortar) at 40%clay. As for the specific heat capacity, it decreases with the increase in the percentage of clays (Kaolin- Bentonite) addition. the highest specific heat capacity were (900.15J/kg .k for K-mortar) and (877.26J/kg .k for B-mortar) at 10% clay, the thermal expansion increases with an increase in the percentage of clays (Kaolin-Bentonite) were (3.65 1/°C for K-mortar) and (5.71 1/°C for B-mortar) at 40%clay, It was noticed that Thermal conductivity increases with increasing of clays (Kaolin- Bentonite) addition and the highest thermal conductivity were (10.23 w/m.k for K-mortar) and (12.39w/m.k for Bmortar) at 40% clay. The bond strength increases with increasing clays (Kaolin-Bentonite) addition and the highest binding strength were (4Mpa for K-mortar) and (3.8Mpa for B-mortar) is at 40%clay. X-ray diffraction shows that the two types of refractory mortar (Kaolin - Mortar) and (Bentonite – Mortar) consist of two main phases, mullite and cristobalite, after firing at (1150) ℃.

The Pure homogeneous Barium Titanate with formula (BaTiO3) was prepared by Solid State reaction method, from Barium Carbonate (BaCO3) and Titanium Oxide (TiO2) as raw materials having micro size by mixing of molar ratio ]1:1[, powders (disk shape ceramic samples) were calcined at (900, 1000, 1100, 1200, and 1350)◦ C. The resulting powders were characterized using XRD, Scanning electron microscopy was performed to verify the preferred method in producing fine Barium Titanate powder. Then, the X-ray diffraction patterns were compared for both the micro and nano powder, with different sintering temperatures. The homogeneous fine nano and micro powders of Barium Titanate were doped with silicon dioxide with different ratios (1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5) wt. %, each ratio separately. Then sintering at different temperatures (1000 - 1300) ◦ C with disk shape ceramics samples was performed. According to X-ray diffraction, the pattern for this method manifested all the peaks of Barium Titanate powder shown well fitted to the positions of the peaks of the standard tetragonal phase and with preferred crystalline size for the powder calcined. For the physical properties of the pure and doped samples, it was observed that the addition of SiO2 effects on the physical properties, water absorption ability decreases with the decrease in the apparent porosity when sintering temperature increases, and that the volumetric shrinkage decreases with the bulk density decrease when the ratio of SiO2 content is increased. For the Dielectric properties (Real dielectric constant ԑ', Imaginary dielectric constant ԑ", Tangent of loss angle (Tan δ)), the results evinced raising and lowering in their value according to the ratio of SiO2 but in general, lowering in their value with changing measurement field frequency. For the diametrical strength test, the results elucidated raising when adding (SiO2) at temperatures 1000 ◦C, 1100 ◦C, and 1200◦C, but up to the temperature of 1300 ◦C reduces the BaTiO3 diametrical strength value.

In this research, titanium dioxide nanoparticles were synthesized by the solid state reaction method, then all of the aluminum and copper materials were added to the nanoscale size and were added in three ratios that are (3%, 5% and 7% (wt.)) and the use of the dry press method through a hydraulic press from one direction, using a mold of diameter (10 mm) to obtain a ceramic compressed dimension that was firing at a temperature of 1100 °C. The physical properties, which include loss mass. The addition of (3% wt.) ratio for aluminum has a large percentage of mass loss. Also adding copper (3% wt.) had a large mass loss in the shrinkage amount of the material, when adding aluminum at a (3% wt.) ratio it found that the highest shrinkage percentage among the added rates. Adding copper on (7% wt.) ratio is the highest among shrinkage the added rates. The thermal conductivity are studied for all samples that include pure with the added proportions and compared between them when adding the proportions for aluminum the ratio of (5% wt.) is the highest conductivity between the used ratios. As for copper, also; it was found that the highest conductivity evaluated is for the ratio (5% wt.). The dielectric constant property and the effect of adding the metal to titanium dioxide are studied. It was found percentage (3% wt.) for aluminum being the highest, while the added rates for copper are the highest percentage is (5% wt.) . For the mechanical properties, which included the hardness and the Brazilian Test, when adding percentage from aluminum toTiO2 (3% wt.) Ratio showed is the highest hardness value between other ratios and when adding copper also the highest hardness found on (3% wt.) ratio, As well as, the material strength value the compressibility imposed on it through the Brazilian test when adding aluminum a compressibility of (5% wt.) was obtained, when copper was added, the highest compressive value was obtained with respect to the added proportions which was (7% wt.). Material's structure of the samples are studied using XRD to study the phases during the temperature of 1100 °C, how the phase shifted when adding aluminum and copper to titanium dioxide. As well as, the vibrational effects of atoms through FTIR and the ability of the molecules to absorb are reported. The samples surface, intermolecular bonding through SEM and chemical concentrations were studied through EDX and also taking surface pictures of the samples through an optical microscope, know the surface morphologies and roughness all samples by AFM

Silicon carbide described among the advanced ceramic materials and has wide applications. Porous ceramics were fabricated from silicon carbide in this research. Silicon carbide characterized by a high melting temperature.so, it is always referred to as being linked to materials with a lower melting point, including bentonite raw as one of the clays types. Generating gases technique from the reaction of hydrochloric acid HCl with aluminum was used in (silicon carbide bentonite) suspension , And by molding bentonite in a rubber silicon mold, adding different weight ratios of bentonite (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 wt.%) to prepare high-porosity bodies, and then drying and firing at (1100 and 1300oC). the X-ray diffraction analysis results were studied, it was founded that the main phases appeared after the firing process were (α and β –SiC) with quartz and mullite, where a part of (β –SiC) transformed into (α-SiC) when the temperature rises from (1100 OC to 1300 OC) with the increase of both the mullite phase and the transformation of a part of the Quartz to Tridymite and Cristobalite. The increase of bentonite led to an increase in the pH up to (10.3) to an increase in the basicity of the suspension, which means that the energy reaction could be increased by adding both hydrochloric acid HCl and aluminum. The porosity of the prepared samples measured, it was found that it decreased with the increase in bentonite percentage after the firing process. The porosity values ranged between (57.4% and 72.3%). Also the same behavior was for the water absorption rate, and it ranged between (67.4% and 82.2%). As for the bulk density was increased with percentage of bentonite and the firing temperature increases. In general, its value ranged from (0.88 to 1.25 g/cm3 ), so the hardness and compressive strength was increased with increasing the percentage of added bentonite in the range from (4.35 MPa to 6.35 MPa.) These values were good within the characterization of porous bodies. As for the thermal properties, the thermal conductivity coefficient decreased with an increase in the added bentonite percentage. The thermal conductivity Values ranged between (9.5 W/m.k and 18.6 W/m.k) when firing at (1100oC), but it increased with the increase of firing temperature up to (1300oC) and ranged between (11.3 W/m.k and 19.8 W/m.k). These values were within the expected of silicon carbide and bentonite ranged between (623J/kg.k and 661 J/kg.k). As for the permeability of water, it was measured in Darcy’s method and its value was great compared to the permeability of other porous bodies and ranged between (2×10-9 m 2 and17×10-9 m 2 ) and its behavior was similar to that of porosity. From the above results it was clear that this type of porous (SiC-bentonite) composites can be used in fluid filtration with high efficiency especially at high temperatures. In addition the shape of the pores connected to the surface was variable depending on both the bentonite additives and firing temperature. This change includes the pores size and the samples surface distribution and this was approved using optical microscope image.

In this study, zirconia matrix stabilized in the tetragonal phase was prepared by adding yttrium oxide (3% mol.Y2O3) with a homogeneous distribution for different weight additions of (2%, 5%, 7%, and 10%) wt. of FMWCNTs as reinforced to form (3% mol.Y2O3-ZrO2 / F-MWCNTs ) nanocomposite materials using pressing uniaxially (624) MPa in the cylindrical metal-die to form pellets of (10 mm diameter), Then, the pellets were sintered in air at (1550 °C) for two hours. The results showed that changing the percentage of reinforcement and matrix has a great influence on the measured properties and as follows: The samples were tested to obtain the physical and mechanical properties of samples depending on the distribution of F-MWCNTs in the matrix as the densities (Green, Bulk, and Theoretical), porosity and linear shrinkage. The maximum values of densities can be at the ratio (2% wt.) of F-MWCNTs; also the minimum values of porosity and linear shrinkage can be at the ratio (2% wt.) of F-MWCNTs Besides, the mechanical properties where the microhardness was studied by vickers indentation method and Brazilian test to demonstrate the toughness. The maximum values of the vickers hardness and compression strength obtained at the ratio (2% wt., 5%wt.) of F-MWCNTs. The samples were characterized by using XRD analysis to determine the phase composition of samples and the microstructure, and the fracture surface of the materials was studied using SEM and EDS, also was characterized by using FTIR to determine the vibrational mode after treated MWCNTs.Besides, the cell viability of samples by MTT assay was studied to investigate the activity of composite (3% mol. Y2O3-ZrO2) (10%) wt. FMWCNTs in killing the tumor cells. The results elucidated the best antibacterial activity of samples at concentration (150 µg.mL-1 ) of the ratio (7% wt., 10% wt.) of F-MWCNTs, where three types of bacteria pathogen (E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus) manifested an excellent antibacterial activity , also the good results of adhesion bacterial against bacteria pathogen (E. coli) can be seen at the ratio (7% wt., 10% wt.) of F-MWCNTs where proved a potential application in teeth/bone implantation to decrease the bacterial load in some areas with a high exposure to bacterial contamination.

Porcelain is one of the most important ceramic materials used as insulation and to improve the isolation properties were added rice husk ash and nano materials (Alumina, Titania) were added separately. Porcelain mixtures were prepared from Iraqi raw materials; five mixtures (A, B, C, D and E) were produced with different percentages of kaolin, silica sand and feldspar. The powders were compacted as discs shape with diameter (13 mm) by semi-dry pressing with (2 tons) applied pressure for (2 minutes). The samples were sintered at two different temperatures (1200⁰C and 1250⁰C), and the socking time was (2 hr). XRD and SEM of pure porcelain samples showed that the main crystalline phases of porcelain were mullite and quartz. It was observed that with increase sintering temperature, the porosity and water absorption decreased, while the bulk density and shrinkage increased, and it can be observed that the porosity, water absorption, shrinkage deceased while the bulk density increase when increased feldspar content. The mechanical properties of pure porcelain samples were measured. As for the dielectric properties of pure porcelain, it can be noticed with increasing of feldspar percentage, dielectric constant decreased while the dielectric strength increased. Where, the best sample was prepared physical, mechanical and dielectric properties obtained the C sample (50% kaolin, 25% feldspar, and 25 % silica sand) sintered at 1250°C.Rice husk ash was prepared and added to mixture C instead of quartz in different percentages (5, 10, 15, 20) wt %, formed with desk shape and sintered at 1250°C, it was observed the dielectric constant and the dielectric strength increase with increase rice husk ash. Nano materials (nano alumina and nano titania) were added to mixture C in different percentages (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2) wt%, each nano material was separately, formed with desk shape and sintered at 1250°C. Dielectric constant, dielectric loss and dielectric strength increased when adding nano alumina and nano titania to porcelain.

Crude petroleum is a main source of energy, and has different quality around the world which affected the petroleum refining industry. In this work porous ceramic was prepared from Iraqi Local kaolin with (70%) and alumina (30%), for the purpose of improvement the properties of filter and enhancement the formation of the mullite phase. These materials used considered low cost materials, environmentally friendly, harmless and recyclable. Furthermore, there were natural additions of palm fronds (P.F) in different ratios (5, 10, 15, 25, 35 and 45) % and different sizes (fine, medium and coarse) in order to create pores materials. Porous ceramic specimens was formed in disc shape with diameter (25) mm by dry pressing with a load of (5 tons) for testing while others formed in balls shape with diameters ranging between (20-25) mm by a cold forming. porous ceramic specimens were firing at 1200ᵒC by a firing program with a soaking time for (2hr). The practical results obtained for the porous ceramic based on the additives ratio showed that the apparent porosity and water absorption ratio increased with increasing of (P.F) addition ratios. The highest apparent porosity ratio for filter was (60.7%) with 45% ratio of fine (P.F), the highest water absorption ratio for filter was (89.3%) with 45% ratio of fine (P.F). Apparent density decreased with the increase of (P.F) additive ratio, the lowest apparent density for filter was (0.68 g/cm3 ) with 45% ratio of fine (P.F).While, the mechanical properties decreased with the increase of (P.F) additive ratio. Crude petroleum treated by filters with 30% ratio of fine, medium and coarse (P.F), Tests conducted on Properties (Physico-chemical) of crude petroleum for all filter for 7 days, The results elucidated that the filters with30% ratio of fine (P.F) were better in purifying crude petroleum therefore filters with this ratio submerged for 14 days. The result obtained for crude petroleum manifested that the (American Petroleum Institute gravity (API) for crude petroleum was (24.70), API for crude petroleum after treated with filter of 30% ratio of fine (P.F) for 14 days was (32.5). Moreover, Sulfur content for crude petroleum was (3.76wt.%), while sulfur content for crude petroleum after treated with filter of 30% ratio of fine (P.F) for 14 days was (2.6wt. %). Carbon residue for crude petroleum was (8.8wt.%), while Carbon residue for crude petroleum after treated with filter of 30% ratio of fine (P.F) for 14 days was (4.53wt.%). Also, Asphaltenes content for crude petroleum was (6.68wt.%) compared to crude petroleum after treated with filter of 30% ratio of fine (P.F) for 14 days was (1.6wt.%). Finally, Metallic content (Ni, V, Fe) for crude petroleum were respectively (32,86,1.32) ppm, while these metallic content for crude petroleum after treated with filter of 30% ratio of fine (P.F) for 14 days were respectively (11.43,47.52,0.73) ppm. All these results obtained within the required standards by the companies importing Iraqi crude petroleum.

Copper foams were manufactured by using powder metallurgy technique, then the dissolution and sintering process was conducted Copper powder with particle size (0.45 - 1.18 mm) was used as a raw material with K2CO3 and Sugar powder having same particle size between (0.2 – 1.18 mm) as a space holder. Porosity, foam density, compressive strength ,Young’s modulus, yield stress, energy absorption and pore size were investigated. The optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy have been used to investigate the pores. The variables that were used in this study are space holder ( K2CO3 and Sugar) content, the particle size of Cu , K2CO3 and Sugar. A sintering process for all samples at temperature 875°C for 3 hours have been carried out. . The foam containing K2CO3 between (30-50 wt. %) at dissolution time (48 hrs) with compaction pressure (200 MPa), in group 1 Copper particle size between ( 0.045 - 0.075mm ) , porosity increased from (26.15 %) to (83%) with increasing the pore size between (0.130 to 0.251 mm), while the foam density decreased from (6.617) to (1.6) g/cm3 , yield stress decreased from (6) to (1.3) MPa, compressive strength decreased from (6.7) to (2.9) MPa and e absorption energy decreased from (1.77) to (1.08) MJ/m3 . The foam containing K2CO3 between (30-50 wt. %) at dissolution time (48 hrs) with compaction pressure (200 MPa), in group 2 revealed that the particle size of copper between (0.045–1.18 mm), porosity increased from (26.15 %) to (80%) with increasing the pore size between (0.120 to 0.608 mm), while the foam density decreased from (6.617) to (1.79) g/cm3 . In group 3, the foam containing Sugar between (30-50 wt. %) at dissolution time (48 hrs) with compaction pressure (200MPa) showed that the particle size of copper is between ( 0.045 - 0.075mm ) , porosity increased from (26.15 %) to (84%) with increasing the pore size between (0.328 to 0.457 mm), while the foam density decreased from (6.617) to (1.36) g/cm3 , yield stress decreased from (0) to (1.25) MPa, compressive strength decreased from (7.4) to (2.8) MPa and e absorption energy decreased from (0.93) to (0.622) MJ/m3. The group 4 is same as in group 3, but the particle size of copper is between (0.045–1.18 mm), porosity increased from (26.15 %) to (84%) with increasing the pore size between (0.346 to 0.507 mm), while the foam density decreased from (6.617) to (1.37) g/cm3 . Finally, The group 5 is like in group 3 and 4, but the particle size of copper is between (0.075-1.18 mm), porosity increased from (26.15 %) to (82.5%) with increasing the pore size between (0.318 to 0.352 mm), where as the foam density decreased from (6.617) to (1.53) g/cm3 . From the atomic adsorption test, the results showed that using K2CO3 as a space holder is more effective than sugar in the elimination of chromium from the industrial water. The best value of eliminating chromium was obtained by group 1 sample with K2CO3 content 30%, in which the chromium content decreased from 1444.50 ppm in the industrial water before filtration to 1106.09 ppm after filtration, while in group 3 with using the same content of sugar as space holder, the chromium content decreased from 1444.50 ppm in the industrial water before filtration to 1207.69 ppm after filtration.

This work aims to enhance acoustic and thermal insulation properties for polymeric composite by adding nanoclay and rock wool as reinforcement materials with different ratios. A polymer blend of (epoxy+ polyester) as matrix materials was used, and hand lay-up technique was used to manufacture the castings. Epoxy and polyester were mixed in different weight ratios (50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, and 90:10) wt. % of (epoxy: polyester) respectively. The optimum mixing ratio (OMR) was decided upon the highest value of impact test carried out on the blends of the above mentioned ratios, which showed that the (80:20)wt.% epoxy: polyester respectively had the highest impact strength value, hence was selected as a matrix for the composite. Nano clay (Kaolinite) with ratios (5 and 7.5% ) wt.% , also hybrid reinforcement materials involving (Kaolite 5 & 7.5 % wt.% + 10% volume fraction of rockwool ) were added as reinforcement materials to the optimum sample. The results show that the addition of nanoclay in a percentage of 7.5 wt.% Leads to the highest sound insulation, such that the sound intensity for low frequencies was 99.8 dB, reaching to 101 dB at high frequencies (10000 Hz), suggesting much lower values than the unreinforced blend, of which the sound intensity started from 107.2 dB to 108.7 for the same range of frequencies. Thermal conductivity results showed that the nanocomposite with 7.5 % wt. has the lowest value (about 0.443 W/m.°C). The result of water Absorption showed that the diffusivity varied according to the type of material and its temperature. SEM images showed that there is no interface between the matrix phases so they couldn’t be distinguished apart. Mechanical properties (bending behavior, compressive strength, impact strength and flexural strength) were studied for these specimens. The results showed that the blend reinforced with nano clay in a weight fraction 7.5% and hybridized with rockwool volume fraction 10% had the lowest deflection and the highest value of Young’s modulus (1889.49)MPa in bending, while blend reinforced with 5%wt. nanoclay and 10%vol. rockwool showed the highest value of compressive strength (396.95) MPa. The reinforcement with nanoclay reduced the impact strength, such that the lowest impact strength was 0.0055 KJ/m2 for (blend+5% nanoclay). The results of flexural test showed that the (polyester+ epoxy) blend have the highest value of flexural strength (57.4MPa). The reinforcement with 5%wt. fraction of nanoclay and 10%vol. fraction of rockwool have led to a reduction in flexural strength to the lowest value, which was 16.53 MPa.

In the present work different variables were used, such as styrene butadiene rubber SBR, poly vinyl acetate PVAc and wood ash as a partial replacement by weight of cement. Unsaturated polyester resin used as a binder with aggregate instead of cement to form polymer concrete (PC) and as a coating for plain concrete. All types of specimens were immersed in oil products (gasoline, gas oil and kerosene) for 3 months after 28 days water curing and then the results compared with reference concrete which left in air for the same period. The mechanical properties of these concretes were examined in compressive strength test, splitting tensile strength test, ultrasonic pulse velocity test and Schmidt hammer test. The test results of concrete continuously immersed in oil products indicate that the mechanical properties are decreased as the time period increase. The reduction in compressive strength of specimens which immersed 90 days in gas oil, kerosene and gasoline respectively for wood ash concrete is 13.04%, 56.52%, and 43.47%. For PVAc concrete is 11.11%, 27.77% and 5.55%. For SBR concrete is 33.33%, 44.4% and 33.33%. For polyester resin concrete is 26.31%, 44.73% and 13.15% and for coated concrete is 48%, 44% and 36%. While the reduction in splitting tensile strength of specimens after 90 days of soaking in gas oil, kerosene and gasoline respectively for wood ash concrete is 17.48%, 9.62% and 0%, for PVAc 7.45%, 22.9% and 23.6%. For SBR concrete is 22.9%, 23.6% and 23.6%. For polyester resin concrete it is 9.62%, 0% and 8.25% and for coated concrete is 15.09%, 23.6% and 16.36%. The results also show that the reduction in UPV of specimens which immersed 90 days in gas oil, kerosene and gasoline respectively for wood ash concrete is 14.33%, 18.15% and 21.9%. For PVAc concrete is 15.67%, 1.56% and 11.19%. For SBR concrete is 0%, 11.04% and 5.66%. For polyester resin concrete is 8.92%, 16.35% and 16.13% and for coated concrete is 13.14%, 47.01% and 18.46%. The reduction in Schmidt rebound hammer of specimens after 90 days of soaking in gas oil, kerosene and gasoline respectively for wood ash is 35.71%, 42.85% and 42.85%, for PVAc 38.46%, 38.46% and 38.46%. For SBR concrete is 33.33%, 33.33% and 33.33%. For polyester resin concrete is 47.61%, 42.85% and 59.52% and for coated concrete is 44.44%, 55.55% and 55.55%. Polymer concrete gives a higher compressive strength compared with reference concrete by about 84% and that was due to the morphology which illustrated by SEM test.

In this research a diffusion coating process was conducted, which includes carbonizing process (using carbon powder) and the process of aluminizing (using aluminum powder with a purity 99.9 %) in a process of pack cementation. This method is characterized by modernity, availability of the requirement and ease of application. Three kinds of carbon steel family (low carbon steel, medium carbon steel and high carbon steel) have been selected, including a variation in the carbon-content to see the response of these alloys to coating process and the effect of the carbon-content on coating diffusion layer. Coating process has been applied at different temperatures (910 and 820°C) for each of the low carbon steel and medium carbon steel respectively in the carbonizing process and (900°C) for each of the medium carbon steel and high carbon steel in the aluminizing process and at different periods of time including (1, 4 and 6 hours) for the carbonizing process and (1, 2 and 4 hours) for the aluminizing process, then studying the mechanical and corrosion properties. Through the examination of the coating layer thickness using an ( optical microscope device) showed that the best deposition and higher thickness of coating layer obtained in low carbon steel alloy(the measure of thickness of precipitated coating layer for low carbon was 52.1 µm(in one hour), 75 µm (in four hours) and 118.5 µm (in six hours) ). While in medium and high carbon steel the thickness of the coating layer formed is low in the first time intervals ( for medium carbon in carbonizing process was 44 µm (in one hour), 61.3 µm (in four hours) and 98.2 µm (in six hours), in aluminizing process it was 62.06 µm (in one hour) , 66.53 µm (in two hours) and 74.16µm (in four hours) ) , for high carbon steel the thickness was (37.2µm (in one hour),43.9 µm (in two hours) and 55.8 µm (in four hours) ). XRD results showed for coated samples that the coating layer to be a mixture of phases group will enhance the hardness, mechanical characteristics and corrosion resistance. It also showed (low, medium and high carbon steel) that there is a clear improvement in the wear rate due to the emergence of solid phases(created after heat treatment) within the grounds of those alloys contributed significantly in increasing the surface hardness values and thus high wear resistance. The varied of decreasing proportion of wear rate among alloys depended on the thickness of the coating layer associated with increasing the period of time for deposition and carbon-content of the alloy. Microhardness testing showed a gradual decrease in the values of hardness towards the core resulted from emergence of crust surrounding containing (inter metallic compounds) which increases the surface hardness; however the sample core is soft, which is not affected by coating process. The corrosion test results showed an improvement in the corrosion resistance of coated samples and corrosion current (Icorr) values vary according to the thickness of coating layer.

In this study a binary polymer blend was prepared and characterized by hand lay-up method. (Epoxy/polyvinyl chloride, EP/PVC) blends were prepared with different weight ratios of (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20) % of (PVC). The influence of addition of (PVC) on the mechanical properties of epoxy resin (type Quickmast 105) was examined.Based on the homogeneity, miscibility and the higher impact strength, the ratio(80/20%) was selected as the best percentage and then this blend was reinforced with polypropylene, carbon fibers and hybrid of both types with fiber volume fraction (30%). Differential Scanning Colarimeter test (DSC) was performed to determine the values of glass transition temperature (Tg) for the material under study, the results of this study show that the hybrid composite has the higher value of (Tg) compared with other materials. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA)was carried out to investigate the relation between the weight losses of sample with increase of temperature, it was found that the weight loss of epoxy resin decreases after blending with (PVC) and reinforcing the blend with fibers mentioned above. Thermal conductivity test illustrated that studied materials have good thermal insulation as well as the hybrid composite has the minimum value of thermal conductivity coefficient. The microstructure and impact fracture surfaces of the blends and their composites were investigated by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The experimental results show that the mixing ratio of 20% (PVC) has the highest impact strength compared with other ratios. The percentage (80/20) % of (EP/PVC) reinforced with carbon fibers records the highest values for both impact strength (I.S) and Young's modulus (E) while the hybrid composite has higher Shore D hardness compared with other composites prepared from the same blend. After studying the mechanical properties (impact, hardness and bending) of immersed specimens in different types of water include (rain, distilled and tap water) for more than two months in sealed glass containers, it was observed these types of water have negative effect on the properties in different degrees depending on the absorption rate and diffusivity of water into the prepared materials, the values of water diffusion coefficients ranged within the order (10-12m2/s).

The project is aimed at preparing poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel by physical techniques using freeze/thaw method and by chemical method via the addition of cross link factors of Glutaraldehyde (GLT) and Boric Acid (BA) of different percentage . Specimen are prepared as plate , film and rods .In addition , polymer blends of chitosamene chloride (CsmCl) and poly vinyl alcohol are prepared at different percentage and shapes (films, plate and cylindrical rod) . more Further , physical ,structural and morphological properties of all prepared specimens are studied aimed at the possibility of their application in the medical field . Through investigating the swelling behavior for the prepared specimens , it is found that swelling percentage depends on cross linking percentage , whether physical or chemical . The result of swelling percentage when (PVA) plates are immersed in distilled water and pure have added cross linking factor (1%,3%) of (GLT) and (0.5%) of (BA) , it is observed that all specimens possess big increase of absorption during the first five hours , then stabilized words after at specific percentage .On submerging in acid (PVA) samples retained swelling percentage similar to those samples submerged in distilled water . However, (BA)and (GLT) samples ,their swilling percentage drops. On hydrogel preparation , all cycles have equal effect , except for the (8hr) freeze/thaw cycles , as they are semisolid, and when immersed on water they are dissolved .The water absorption for all specimens during the first (48hr) indicate high range of absorption , and after (96hr) , all specimens realized constant swelling percentage about (215%).The rapid swelling during the first hours are attributed to disentanglement of chains that are not involved in cross linking . The freeze / thaw process leads to physical cross linking of polymers chains. On this basis ,(15hr) freeze /thaw of (16)cycles for plate are adopted . After freeze /thaw process of samples , their water absorption percentage increases for the 1% (GLT) and 0.5% (BA) samples while the percentage decreased for the 3%GLT. The water absorption percentage in the base environment are higher than in the acid environment for the (GLT) samples. As to the calculation of weight drop percentage with time for cylindrical samples , it is found that all samples have weight stabilization after (92hr) and have identical behavior .it is noticed that are some discrepancies in the results of swelling percentage between rod and plate. The FTIR spectra for all samples before and after blending and treatment are found to appear and disappear besides band shift at different location; this is attributed to changes in conformation. The spectral intensity decreases with increasing (CsmCl) percentage explained in view of when two polymers or more are blended , changes occur in the characteristic spectra as a result of reflection in the blend that are prepared by physical mixing and chemical reaction . X-ray test results show that crystallographic thickness value for (PVA) decreases with addition of cross linking agents and depend on type and concentration of those agents. When specimens undergo freeze/thaw process the results have indicted decrease in the value of crystallographic thickness and increase in spectral intensity percentage. These results verify that polymer chain cross link, whether physical or chemical , tends to hinder crystal growth and the freeze/thaw process leads to microcrystalization . The (CsmCl) x-ray spectra result which is used as a medical material to enhance cartilage material in human body, show very high crystallization percentage and crystal structure is affected by the freeze/thaw process in addition to blend percentage with (PVA). The value of stress at failure increases with increasing (PVA) percentage. The addition of cross linking agents leads to increase in stress and depend on the concentration of these agents. It is found that addition small amounts of cross link agents leads to a reversible process as it hinders chain bonding and is not sufficient to cause cross linking of chains . These results are in full agreement with swelling percentage results. Finally, all samples have undergone optical microscope testing, from which it is concluded that air bubbles and pores are present and the shape and state of chitosamine chloride crystals are influenced by blend percentages with (PVA), and the result of density measurement of cylindrical shape samples verify the microscope test result indicating presence of bubbles and pores.

In this research , study the effect of coupling agents on the mechanical and physical properties of polymer-matrix composite was carried out. Epoxy resin type (Polyprime-EP) was used as a matrix and reinforced by (E-glass) fibers with volume fraction (ϕf = 20%). Four types of coupling agents were used in this research included (PVA-Polyvinylalchohol) , (Lg-Lignin) , (FS-Fumed-Silica NanoParticles), (TMS-Tetramethylsilane). The mechanical and physical tests were performed on these materials before the addition of these coupling agents and after it. The results showed that all the properties were better after addition the coupling agents comparing with the case before it, because of its effect on the interface of composite. The material which contains (PVA) has showed higher impact strength valued (108.7 kJ/m2); higher value of tensile strength (103.05MPa) and lower value of thermal conductivity (0.4025 W/m.K) at Lap conditions. The same material gave higher value of tensile strength and lower value of thermal conductivity after the immersion into chemical solutions (HNO3 and H2O) for (8 Weeks). While the material which contains (TMS) has showed higher bending strength valued (863.66 MPa) ; higher value of shear stress (39.98 MPa) ; higher value of Shore hardness (82.2) and higher value of young's modulus (29.02*108 MPa) ) at Lap. Conditions. The same material gave higher value of hardness and higher value of young's modulus after the immersion into chemical solutions (HNO3 and H2O) for (8 Weeks). The material which contains (Lg) has showed lower surface roughness valued (0.362 µm) at Lap Conditions. The same material gave lower surface roughness after the immersion into chemical solutions (HNO3 and H2O) for (8 Weeks). The material which contains (FS) has showed higher value of impact strength after the immersion into chemical solutions (HNO3 and H2O) for (8 Weeks). The same material that contains (TMS) has showed lower value of diffusion coefficient after the immersion for (8 Weeks) into chemical solutions Water (H2O) and dilute nitric acid (HNO3) with different normality concentrations (0.1N , 0.2N and 0.3N). The material which was the most affected by chemical solutions compring with other composite materials is the material without coupling agent (Pure GF), while the material which contains coupling agents (Lg-Lignin) was the most affected by a chemical solutions among all composite materials which contains coupling agents.

The present work encompasses the development of microstructure by using cooling plate casting process. This process consists in pouring the molten metal at temperature close to the liquid line in an inclined cooling plate. The mould and the slope plate unit were manufactured by researcher. The following variables have been used in this work: pouring temperatures of (750,800,850ᵒC), tilt angles of (30ᵒ, 40ᵒ, 50ᵒand 60ᵒ), and Mg additive of (1.6%, 0.46%) with constant cooling length (380mm). After the melt flow down cooling plate, the molten becomes semi-solid slurry at the end of the plate. This slurry fills the mould. Then these rheocast alloys are sectioned according to desired test. The optical microstructure investigations show that, the pouring temperature and tilt angle affect the grain size. Grain size decrease with decreasing of tilt angles and with decrease pouring temperature of Al-Mg microstructure. The decrease in grain size are (78µm-90µm-80µm-100µm)at (30ᵒ, 40ᵒ ) (1.6%-750,800ᵒC),for( 50ᵒ) are(61µm,78µm)for(750,800ᵒC) while at ( 1.6%,850ᵒC) for(30ᵒ, 40ᵒ, 50ᵒ ) are(71µm,127µm,110µm),for 0.46%((30ᵒ, 40ᵒ,50)(750,800,850ᵒC)are(63µm,82µm,90µm,92µm,95µm,162µm),while at (850ᵒC,0.46%,60ᵒ) are(95µm), the result of microstructure shows that the dendrite structure will change to a semi globular with longitudinal shape at different used pouring temperatures of (750,800.850ᵒC). The effect of different tilt angles of (30ᵒ, 40ᵒ, 50ᵒ) was more than in (60ᵒ) for each (1.6%Mg and0.46%of Mg) addition. Tensile results reveal that (750,800 and 850ᵒC) especially for (30ᵒ, 40ᵒ, 50ᵒ) for 0.46%-Mg(110.4,111.5 for 750ᵒC,102.2,60.9,111 for 800ᵒC)but for 850ᵒC at (30ᵒ, 50ᵒ, 60ᵒ ) have (126.7,87.4,92.3) and 1.6%Mg (30ᵒ, 40ᵒ, 50ᵒ) at 750ᵒC have a high value(120,81.6,81.5),at 800ᵒC for(30ᵒ,50ᵒ,60ᵒ)have(91.2,126.5,87.6),at850ᵒCfor(30ᵒ,40ᵒ,0ᵒ)have(65.3,78.2,101.6). Vickers macro hardness has a gradually increasing value for Al-1%Mg(750,800and850ᵒC)at(30ᵒ,40ᵒ,50ᵒ,60ᵒ)have(46,51,54,64)(44,42,51,79)(49,49,48,60), but for Al-5%Mg rheocast alloy it has a fluctuated value at750ᵒCfor(30ᵒ,40ᵒ,50ᵒ) have(52.9,60,72.1)while at 60ᵒ (47),at800ᵒCfor(30ᵒ, 40ᵒ, 60ᵒ)have(60,65.6,72.5),at 850ᵒC for(30ᵒ, 40ᵒ)have(47.5,58)and small value for high angle (50ᵒ,60ᵒ)have(44.3,44.2). X-Ray diffractography for both Al-Mg alloys shows the appearance of intermetalic compounds and different phases of (Al3 Mg2 ,α Al, δAl2O3, Mg O),while SEM picture shows a semi globular structure at different pouring temperature.

Saline pollution attack is an important factor that lead to the deterioration of the concrete, especially in industrial plants, and has numerous studies to determine the effect of saline pollution on the properties of concrete, in order to improve the resistance of concrete to salt solutions. Although there are many research on the use of different types of chemical additives and mineral production Concrete resistance to salt solution . In spite of research address the sustainability of concrete and particularly Steel rebar submeserged in it. Steel rebar is the most important causal factors the deterioration in the reinforced concrete. The main aim of this study is to effect of additives added to reduce superior degree water and two types of mineral additives that include silica fumes and steel fiber, as well as the combined effect of these additives on the properties of concrete. The experimental work of this measure include concrete specimens have been partially submerged in a solution of chlorides and sulfates in concentrations similar to those found in aggressive conditions. The properties of concrete specimens were evaluated through the slump flow tests. The properties investigated included weight and weight changes test, Bulk Density, total absorption, ultrasound plus velocity, compressive strength electrochemical potential for various types of mixes. Three mixtures are were used in this study: Reference (RF) ,( SF -SP) content mixed with 10% of silica partial compensation of the weight of cement and 3% by weight of cement of high range water reducing agent and (STF) mix content at 0.5% of the steel fiber, to investigates the influence surface coating protection on durability properties of concrete be done mix reference coated with natural rubber( RFCNR), and mix container on 0.5% of steel fiber coated with natural rubber (STFCNR). The electrochemical tests included monitoring the electrode potential and corrosion rates using the rates of rust ,by using Tafel plots for four specimens of rebar metals. two of them were coated and submerged in two media, one of tap water and the other is salt solution . The result coated specimens has shown resistance to corrosion greater than specimens without coated when immersion in salt solution. Thus group (RFCNR ) in the most developed in all properties as compared with all other mixture immersed in salt solution for 150 days at odds with group ( SF-SP) which had development in all properties as compared with the reference mixture at 180 days of immersion in salt solution .

The present work was carried out in two stages The first stage work was concerned with study of the type and ratio(%) of the dye(Methyl Orange, Methyl Blue, Methyl Red) effect on the optical properties of poly styrene(PS), the second stage select the best type and ratio ,and preparing hybrid composite(Methyl Orange/ Methyl Blue/ poly styrene),and (Methyl Orange/ Methyl Red / poly styrene) to study its optical, and electrical properties . The samples were casted as films from the homopolymer(PS) above stated and the Dye/ poly styrene (Methyl Orange / poly styrene, Methyl Blue / poly styrene,and Methyl Red / poly styrene )composites at (3.44,6.7,and 12.5%) concentration. These prepared polymer systems were evaluated spectrophotometically. It was found increasing in absorption spectra with increasing of the dye concentration in Dye/ poly styrene above composites, which was attributed to the increasing in localized states. The results proved that the best absorption was of (12.5% Methyl Orange / poly styrene), and of the lowest energy gap was (3.15eV), which was the lowest,and of all of the best effect, so prepare 30%MO/PS composite, and hybrid composites((20% Methyl Orange 10%/ Methyl Blue / Polystyrene), (20% Methyl Orange /10% Methyl Red / Polystyrene)) to study its optical, and electrical properties . The optical constant (Absorption Coefficient ) α), Extinction Coefficient (k), Refractive Index (n), Real Dielectric Constant (εr ), and Imaginary Dielectric Constant (εi))for the homopolymer (Polystyrene) , (Dye/ Polystyrene) composites, and hybrid composites at different concentration were investigated at(λc,300nm). It was seen that there was nonlinear relationship between the optical constants and the concentration ratio. The (Spectroscopy Fourier Transform Infrared) spectra showed shifting, appearance ,and disappearance of new band. It was found that charge carrier of (Polystyrene ) was of (P-type),and it was the same for (Methyl Orange / Polystyrene) up to 30% ratio, whereas for (Methyl Blue, Methyl Red),it changed to (N-type) for concentration(≤ 12.5%). The results proved that there was nonlinear relationship between the carrier concentration, mobility, fast increase in the (12.5% Methyl Orange / Polystyrene),(12.5% Methyl Blue / Polystyrene),and hybrid composites by increasing of dye ratio ,and became of order(10-6 ),and of order(10-5) for (12.5% Methyl Red / Polystyrene) composite ,which of within semiconductor conductivity in polymer scale.

In this research local raw materials are used in the preparation of concrete mixes. Iraqi specifications (I.O.S) and American specifications (ASTM) are adopted, in determining the components of concrete, raw materials in different ratios weight of Kaolin (K) and MetaKaolin (MK) at a ratios of (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) at different temperatures (150, 300 500 700, 900) ° C added to a mixture of concrete, to achieve the pozzolan interaction between [(K) or (MK)] and cement. The mechanical, physical and pH effects by additions [(K) and (MK)], has been observed fixity of the compressive strength and tensile strength when add the rates ranging between (5% and 10%) of (MK) and a decrease of the ratios greater than (15%), the mechanical properties increased with increasing temperature of (MK), except for temperature less than (300) ° C. The density has decreased by increasing the proportion added, but increased with increasing temperature. The rate of absorption of water was observed that increasing the proportion of (MK) added, decrease the rate of absorption of water and also by increasing, the temperature of (MK), decrease the rate of absorption of water. The percentage of water absorption decreased with the increasing temperature of (MK) and also increases the proportion of added (MK), decrease absorbance. Also noticed, the acid of (MK) did not changing largely in the cement base in the concrete mix, especially in the grades more of the temperature (500) °C, and In general, observed staying concrete material within the limits of base material.

Diffusion bonding of gray cast iron to gray cast iron experiments were carried out in air atmosphere and in inert gas (Argon) under different pressing load, temperatures and time to find the optimum bonding condition experimentally which affect the bond strength. The pressing load are 1 and 2 ton, the bonding temperatures are 700, 750, 800, 850, and 900ºC, and bonding time 15, 30 and 60 min. To evaluate the bond strength the shear test investigation was performed, the actual bonded area was calculated by using a computer package called (Auto Cad 2006). After calculating the bonded area, shear strength values were predicted for each bonded specimens, the results show that the bond strength increases with increasing the temperature, the bonding temperature brings about an improvement in bond strength but to a certain limit only. Any further rise in temperature will impair the strength owing to a grain growth as well as increasing carbide precipitation. Bond strength also increases with bonding time, the increase in bonding time has a positive effect up to a certain limit, any excessive holding time impairs bond strength. The highest value of shear strength of gray cast iron to gray cast iron joints is (155.7 MPa) at bonding temperature of 900ºC for 30 min holding time under pressing load of 1 ton. Improvement in the bond strength when the pressing load raises mainly attributable to the increase in the area of actual contact between the mating surfaces. Pressing load will raise bond strength up to a certain value, any further increase in pressing load reduces it. It found that the bond strength increases with increasing pressing load . For inert gas (Argon) experiments. No reliable results are obtained for the bonded during shear test may be due to abominable argon gas and this prevents forming of bond. Vickers microhardness testing was carried out to measure hardness distribution in gray cast iron joint. Vickers microhardness testing was performed on unetched specimens using 0.9 Kg load with 15 sec indentation time. The results observed from microhardness test show that the hardness increases with increasing bonding temperature due to formation of hard phased iron carbides (Fe3C). Microstructure of the interface was carried out by using optical microscope before and after the experiment. The microstructure results show the formation of carbide and the carbide precipitation increases with increasing the bonding temperature and time.

This research includes the preparation of polymers mixtures consists of resins (Unsaturated Polyester with Polyurethane) (UP+PU), where the optimal mixing ratio has been selected on the basis of the best impact strength, and the mixture have appropriate essential mixability and good morphologic properties. It is found that the mixing ratio with percentage (60% Polyester+40% Polyurethane) because it has the highest impact strength, where it has been used to prepare the samples. A four samples where prepared from the polymers mixtures using the above mentioned mixing ratio by using the method of hand casting technique; these samples are: polymers mixture consisting of (UP+PU), added to it the micro cotton powder (MC) with weight ratio (2wt%) once and for copper by weight ratio (39wt%) again, with volume fracture (5%), as well as composite material was prepared from the same polymers mixture adding to it micro cotton powder filling and chips together in the same weight ratios mentioned earlier. Some mechanical tests were conducted include: (Impact strength (Charpy type), Flexural strength, Hardness (Shore D), Tensile strength, Compression, and Roughness surface test, and some physical tests include (Thermal conductivity and diffusivity), these tests carried out in two stages; first on samples (without immersion) and then on immersed samples in (distilled water and diluted sulfuric acid (0.05N)), where the readings are recorded every two weeks for a period of (8) weeks, in addition the effect of increasing the temperature (20±1 °C (R.T), 35 °C, 50 °C) has been studied on the samples. A sample of the four polymers mixtures have been examined using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and study the effect of adding reinforcement materials, and also study the topography of the surface of each sample and the knowledge the fine structure for each mixture. Results showed that the reinforced blends with micro cotton powder and copper (UP+PU+MC+Cu) possess better mechanical properties of Impact strength, Flexural strength, Tensile strength and Modulus of Elasticity (Compression), also it has the highest surface roughness and thermal conductivity before and after immersion in chemical solutions. While for the absorbency of solution, all tests are affected by chemical solutions.

This research consists of two parts: first; preparation of samples and after that exposure of these samples to some physical and mechanical properties tests. The tests are done at room temperature and then with the effect of immersion in three liquids (Tap water, NaOH (0.5N), and Benzene). Also we exposed some samples to sunlight to study the effect on some properties. First we prepared five kinds of specimens, PS resin was the matrix in all kinds using a casting technique; the samples were: (PS+EP) pure blend with a weight ratio of (80%PS+20%EP), PS pure resin filled with GP once and FS once again making a composite with a volume fraction of 15%GP and 15%FS respectively. Also we prepared composites from (80%PS+20%EP) blend filled with GP once and FS once again with a volume fraction of 15% to both; all samples were prepared at room temperature. Some mechanical and physical properties were investigated by performing tests such as: (impact strength (Charpy type), bending (3-point loading system), hardness (Shore D), thermal conductivity, and diffusion behavior); these tests carried on the samples in both normal conditions (without immersion) and after immersion for a period (2-10) weeks measured every (2) weeks. The results show that at room temperature, impact strength of (PS+EP) pure blend appears to have the highest value. Composite specimens filled with FS filler show the best results in the (thermal conductivity, hardness, and bending) tests. The immersion conditions indicated remarkable effect on all the examined physical and mechanical properties, compared to un immersed samples, also the exposure to sunlight has the same effect. In case of tap water immersion, the (PS+EP) blend that filled with FS has the highest diffusion coefficient value while (PS+EP) pure blend gives the lowest value. In case of NaOH immersion, (PS+EP) pure blend showed the highest value of diffusion coefficient while (PS+EP) filled with GP showed the lowest value. Benzene shows the strongest effect on examined physical and mechanical properties also diffusion behavior, since no weight gain in any sample was observed.

In this research the diffusion coating process by the single preparation method of (Al) metal, dual preparation method of (Al,Si) metals and third preparation method of (Al ,Si ,Cr ) metals on different alloys (Inconel alloy, Monel alloy, Stainless steel alloy type (316L), Stainless steel alloy type (321) and Low carbon steel alloy). Which are used in the production of manufacturing of Petroleum towers such of carbon steel and alloy steel families. All the heat chemical treatment in the (1100°C) and in the average period (20) hour per each treatment. The effect of diffusion coating on alloys. Can be seen in the microstructure test processes and X-ray diffraction test. It is clear from the XRD test, the appearance of new phases for all coating alloys. X-ray Fluorescence test, which appears metals contents showing the change in percentage in (Al, Si, Cr) alloys according to coating's method. Microstructure test which is metal and alloy identity indicates the change inside the alloy due to Coating and Calculates the coating thickness for each phase. In Monel alloy the thickness of Al coating was 400µm. From hardness test by using Brunel method, we found that the hardness increase with all Kinds of coating. For example, the hardness of Inconel alloy before coating was 179 Kg/mm2, increase to 255 Kg/mm2 with Aluminizing coating, 260 Kg/mm2 with Siliconizing-Aluminizing coating and 275 Kg/mm2 with Crninizing-Silcinazig-Aluminizing coating. The results of the wear test for used alloys under constant weight (2kg) and for constant time(30min), Indicate that the wear rate decrease after coating processes. It is clear from the results that the wear rate is less for third coating than the dual and single coating. In the corrosion test process we used salt solution (NaCl). For testing the alloy before and after coating the salt concentration in the salt water known as the most corrosive condition and the result show the resistance of alloys increased after coating. Finally, Oxidation test for alloys in the air at (700°C) and rate (6 hour) for each period (totally 36 hours). Shows an increase in the weight (thin film oxidation content) which then increase Oxidation resistant.

The thesis involved preparation of polymer blend as two systems, the first PS/ABS prepared by single screw extruder, the second PS/SBS prepared by Haake PolyDrive extruder. Different composition ratios were used with the aim of arriving at the best physical blending percentage In order to study the influence of blending on the mechanical properties, thermal properties and morphology several tests are performed including (tensile, impact resistance, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy). The results from this work show that the mechanical properties for blend system PS/ABS at compositions 70/30, 60/40 and 50/50 have mechanical properties mach better than the pure constituents. The mechanical properties for the blend system of PS/SBS, dependent on the amount of SBS content, indicate in general it nearly obeys rule of mixtures. The (DSC) test for blend system of PS/ABS gives good indication of improving state of miscibility for most blend ratios; there is only one glass transition temperature between the two values for pure polymers. Also the DSC results for blends system of PS/SBS give good indications of improving state of partial miscibility. The optical microscope and SEM results for both systems fully support the results obtained from the mechanical properties. The FTIR results for PS/ABS blend system show that the PB phase in pure ABS has a cis configuration and these configurations change from cis to trans for all blend ratios.

The present work was carried out in two stages .The first stage was concerned with study of the blending ratio effect on the optical properties of the polymer systems involved (PMMA, PC, and PS), binary blends (PMMA/PC, PMMA/PS, and PC/PS),and ternary blends (PMMA/PC/PS) at different concentrations. The second stage was concerned with study of thermal aging effect on the above homopolymers, and the polymer system of best optical properties. The samples were casted as films from the homopolymer stated above and the blends as a binary and ternary blend at different concentration. These prepared polymer systems were evaluated spectrophotometically for selecting the polymer systems of the best optical properties. It was found that 50%PMMA/50%PC binary blend has the best optical properties. The results proved that its energy gap was (2.5eV), which was the lowest of all polymer system involved. The homopolymers above and 50% PMMA/50% PC binary blend were subjected to thermal aging within range of (50-250C) for (2hr) to study the effect of thermal aging on their optical properties. The absorption spectra of the thermally aged polymer systems showed heating induced absorption changes in the wavelength range, which depends on the polymer type and polymer blend. The thermal degradation caused increment in the absorption of degraded samples. The increment depended on polymer type and polymer blend, especially at 250C in the thermally aged PS samples (2.3eV). Decreasing in absorption was found for cases in which, thermal degradation caused surface damage i.e. crazes or cracks formation. The optical energy gap and urbach energy were calculated the absorption spectra before and after thermal aging to the polymer systems involved. The results showed nonlinear relationship between the optical constants and blend ratio, it was attributed to their immiscibility. The nonlinear relationships between the optical constant of the thermal aged polymer systems and polymer blend with the heating temperature was attributed to the unsystematic thermal degradation induced by heating, it was found PMMA and PC have the best heat resistances in comparison with the polymer involved . Morphological investigations for the surface damages (crazes, and cracks) caused were performed by optical microscope .It was found that the thermal degredation could easily lead to some mechanical surface damage. FTIR spectroscopy was carried out for polymer systems before and after thermal aging to identify the region of the main characteristic bands and its results were investigated.

Epoxy and unsaturated polyester resin was used as a matrices for composite materials, with carbon, glass, and copper fibers as reinforcement materials with volume fraction (Vf =1%,2%,3%). Six types of composites were prepared:- (1) Epoxy reinforced with continuous carbon fibers . (2) Epoxy reinforced with short carbon fibers. (3) Epoxy reinforced with continuous glass fibers. (4) Epoxy reinforced with short glass fibers. (5) Epoxy reinforced with continuous copper fibers. (6) Epoxy reinforced with short copper fibers. And another six types of composites were prepared :- (1) Unsaturated polyester reinforced with continuous carbon fibers . (2) Unsaturated polyester reinforced with short carbon fibers. (3) Unsaturated polyester reinforced with continuous glass fibers. (4) Unsaturated polyester reinforced with short glass fibers. (5) Unsaturated polyester reinforced with continuous copper fibers. (6) Unsaturated polyester reinforced with short copper fibers. Research subject was implies studying some of mechanical properties for composite materials in Natural conditions. Mechanical properties that be studied were :- ( Vibration damping, and studying, deflection, stiffness, natural frequency, and damped period. The research results showed that the values of (Stiffness, Natural Frequency, Vibration damping and Damped period) will increasing with the increase of the volume fraction of reinforcement materials used in this research, in the other hand the values for deflection will be decreeing with the increase of the volume fraction of the reinforcement materials used.

The polyethylene (PE) is a commercially important Thermoplastic polymer, which is of practical use in a wide variety of engineering applications. So that if one wants to extend the field of application of this material, an improvement of the mechanical and physical properties is usually necessary. A relatively easy way to improve the, mechanical, and physical properties of the polymer is the addition of filler materials, to obtain a composite materials with a good properties. In this research we use both High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), and Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) as matrix to the composite material and we use coconut shell particles and fish shell particles as a reinforced fillers , we use the above to prepare the current research samples that we study in different Filler Percentage as below :- 1. Pure High Density Polyethylene (HDPE). 2. Pure Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE). 3. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with coconut shell particles in the following percentage (15, 20 and 30%). 4. Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) reinforced with coconut shell particles in the following percentage (10, 15 and 20%). High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with fish shell particles in the following percentage (30, 40 and 50%). 5. Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) reinforced with fish shell particles in the following percentage (30, 40 and 50%). In this research we study some mechanical properties like (Modulus of elasticity, Impact strength Hardness, Compression strength, and Creep rate). We also study Absorption test which is one of the physical properties, we study it for all the prepared samples and then we calculate Diffusion Coefficient after the samples were immersed for a period of time lasted for three months in the water. The research results showed that the values of (Modulus of elasticity, Hardness) will increase with the increase of the Filler Percentage for both reinforced fillers and for both types of Polyethylene used in this research, in the other hand the values for Impact strength will be decreeing with the increase of the Filler Percentage for the reinforced fillers used. And we found also that the values of Creep rate of the all samples used in this research will be decreeing with the increase of the Filler Percentage of the reinforced fillers used. In the Diffusion test we noticed that the Diffusion Coefficient decrease with the increase of the Filler Percentage of the reinforced fillers used.

The transmission line has a single purpose for both the transmitter and the antenna. This purpose is to transfer the energy output of the transmitter to the antenna with the least possible power loss. How well this is done depends on the special physical and electrical characteristics (impedance and resistance) of the transmission line, The purpose of this thesis involves the study of the characteristic impedance and the other characteristic of the coaxial transmission line like (Wave impedance, Reflection coefficient, Maximum value of electric field inside the line, Power, Current in the conductor, Capacitance and Inductance per unit length, electric and magnetic field).The parameters of the Two wire transmission line like (Reflection coefficient, Admittance, Voltage and Current as a function of distance X from load and Line loss) have been studied. Mat Lab program (Version 7) is used for design and simulation of the microwave circuit using two types of Transmission line in X- band frequency. An implementation has been done on coaxial transmission line of (53.5Ω) characteristic impedance for three type of dielectric material including Polyethylene, Teflon, and Nylon)where their permittivity = (2.25 ,2.1 & 4) respectively .The results shows that impedance of the line depend on the dielectric constant ( ) of the insulated material ,as the ( ) decrease the impedance value increase inside the line for the same dimension, in addition to that the value of the impedance in the coaxial line decreases as the inner radiuses (a ) and outer radiuses (b) increases. Two-wire Transmission lines were also studied (with characteristic impedance was 300 Ω).Three types of dielectric material (Polyethylene, Tyflon, and Nylon), Nylon was excluded from the studies because it was not practical in manufacturing .The parameter previously mentioned in this system have been studied with matching & mismatching cases, matching load , and resistive load , for polyethylene and Teflon. The optimal value of the line parameters occur when the line terminated to resistance equal to characteristic impedance of the line. But when the line terminates to load resistance less than characteristic impedance we obtain maximum and minimum value along the line, while the value changed in phase shift when terminated the line to load resistance greater than characteristic impedance of the line. This phase shift depends on the parameters and the effect of ( ) on them, the phase shift exists on the incident wave because of the additional losses (capacitance & inductance losses).

As ordinary known the ability of synthesizing electrical conducting polymer composites is possible but with poor mechanical properties, for the solution of this problem, we carried out this study in order to obtain that both properties. Three methods were applied for preparing the conductive PANI composites using both glass fiber and Kevlar fiber fabrics as substrate for the deposition of the PANI at one time and the prepared composites (EP/glass fiber)and (EP/Kevlar fiber) at others. The chemical oxidative method was adopted for polymerization of the aniline and simultaneously protonated of PANI with a hydrochloric acid at concentration (1M).Two kinds of oxidation agents (FeCl3.6H2O) and ((NH4)2S2O8) were used. The electrical measurements indicate the effect of each preparation method, kind of oxidant agent and the kind of material which PANI deposited on the electrical results. The conductivity results showed that the prepared composites lie within semiconductors region. The Hall Effect measurement showed a p-type behavior for the composites prepared by the first and third methods, and n-type behavior for the composites prepared by the second method. Temperature –dependence of electric conductivity results showed semiconductors and conductors behavior of these materials within the applied temperature ranges. The mechanical properties(tensile strength, creep behavior) was studied, the results as a whole concluded that PANI precipated on the EP/glass fiber and EP/Kevlar fiber composites has no remarkable effect on the mechanical properties as compared with the untreatment composites with PANI. The morphology of PANI composites showed the regularity of PANI deposit on the EP/glass fiber and EP/Kevlar fiber composites and some fibrils structure and PANI moieties on the Kevlar fiber and glass fiber fabrics respectively. The X-ray diffraction study showed the crystalline structure for EP/Kevlar fiber/PANI composites prepared by the three methods. These results gave optimism to the synthesis of conductive polymer composites with excellent mechanical properties.

In this work, the occurrence of spatially modulated structure in several competing interactions are examined . Of particular interest are the situations where, for given values of the interactions, the ground state is infinitely degenerate. Most of the work presented here concerns the analysis of how this zero-temperature multidegeneracy can be removed by the interaction of weak perturbations such as spin anisotropy, external magnetic fields, or quantum fluctuations . Many different studies of ferromagnetism and anti-ferromagnetism models have presented theories on energy minimization. These studies, however, do not give visual confirmation of what is occurring during minimization. One wish to study how the energy minimizes locally in a ferromagnetic system. Where does the energy dissipate once the magnetic field is applied? Are there regions that exhibit a chaotic nature before eventually aligning with an external magnetic field? It has been demonstrated that the energy of the system will minimize in the presence of an external magnetic field. However, regions within the lattice may not converge at the same rate. Our goal is to develop and apply a visual tool to the system, which would allow users to visualize the minimization process. In this thesis, one describe a model and visualization system designed to illustrate the principles of energy minimization in ferromagnetic system . Models of finite or semi-infinite chains of spins are considered where the competition between surface and the bulk effects creates adomain wall (kink) in ground state. In this work, the aim is to discuss the role of a hitherto fore unexplored parameter on the unbinding transition: the spin anisotropy. One should know that, as discrete spins with -fold spin anisotropy soften, layering transitions can be stabilized in simple, short-range clock models, even at zero temperature (for ). In particular, one can, in a chain of ferromagnetically coupled (XY) spins. Using an expansion in inverse spin anisotropy , one can, calculating analytical solutions to the equilibrium equation ( ) under the influence of a magnetic field for materials ferromagnetic and inti ferromagnetic. one can to rely on numerical methods that adopted is based on several programs as (Fortran Code 77, 90) , and Chou-Griffiths algorithm method, to build the phase diagrams exhibits points where two multiphase lines meet at a first order transition. When the spin anisotropy is infinite. one can calculate the energy differences, , between neighboring interface states. Then the special case is considered, where the multidegeneracy cannot be lifted for small values of , In this case we consider the quantum version of the model and show the quantum fluctuation can raise the multidegeneracy stabilizing an infinite sequences of layering transition . The effects of quantum fluctuations on the behavior of an interface are considered further in the case of three dimensional transverse Ising model in a semi-infinite. One find that, for zero transverse field, the short range nature of spin interactions is responsible for the appearance of a multidegeneracy with respect to the position of the flat domain wall. For a non-zero transverse field, the multidegeneracy can be splitted by quantum fluctuations and an infinite sequence of layering transitions is stabilized . The aim is to construct the phase diagram which gives the position, , of interface as a function of the uniform field and the transverse field . A chain of antiferromagnetic coupled (XY) spins with two-fold anisotropy is studied in an external magnetic field. The analytic and numerical results reveal that in semi-finite and finite chains of even-length, there is a sequence of layering transitions in the bulk that has not been previously identified. The solitonic-like solutions predicted by the continuum semi-classical two–dimensional XY -model are investigated using canonical Monte Carlo simulation. In particular, we verify the existence of kink states, and study their degree of stability. These states, that were supposed to exist from approximate theories applied to the continuum limit of this model, are a new kind of solution of the XY model under external magnetic field. In the simulation several system sizes up to spins were considered. The study of the static spin correlation between the initial and final configuration shows there exist a finite transition temperature Tc, which is independent of the system size. According to our simulation, at T < Tc the kink state is stable, and the degree of stability increases with system size. Magnetization per site , energy per site , magnetic susceptibility, specific heat of a Ferromagnetic materials are Calculated as a function of temperature for spin lattice interaction of the 2D Ising Model for some experimental values of ferromagnetic materials such as Gadolinium Chloride at Curie temperature , and ferromagnetic thin film from Nickel growth on cooper at Curie temperature , in zero and nonzero magnetic field.

This research contains a study about the effect of adding burning and non burning Kaolin as a support to (PVC) the matrix material and studying some effecting factors on the dielectric strength. The non- burning kaolin was added to the (PVC) in a weight proportion (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%), after burning the kaolin at ( ) for two hours, was added to (PVC) material in the same previous weight proportion, the samples were prepared by the warm pressing method with (0.8- 2mm) thickness. The testing results shows that the dielectric strength decreased when the burnt kaolin is added because of existence of crystallize water, on the other hand adding burnt kaolin the lack of dielectric strength refer to existence of changes in lattice structure of powder clay’s. The value of dielectric strength for (PVC- non burnt Kaolin) composite was less than (PVC- burnt Kaolin) composite because of existing of crystallize water which have high dielectric constant, but it marked by high coefficient losing factor compared with other dielectric materials. The dielectric strength decrease with increase in electrical factor loss. The results shows for two composites (PVC- non burnt Kaolin) and (PVC- burnt Kaolin) in succession decreasing in dielectric strength with increase in thickness and the dielectric strength are increased with an average time of voltage evaluated for each composites. The effect of cycles number on the dielectric strength for both composites shows decreasing of dielectric strength which was obvious after the first cycle. Also the dielectric strength were decreased with temperature increasing for both composites. The getting photograph photos of breakdown region were shown by using the optical microscope are shown carbonized samples in the breakdown region because of destroy polymers chains for (PVC) polymer, and micro cracks are formed due to breakdown especially when we added high percentage of non- burnt Kaolin extended directly form breakdown point. The photos of burning kaolin, shows that the macro cracks was more zigzag than in the case of non- burnt Kaolin because of high hardness and increasing of brittleness of the material.

The samples are cast as thin film from homopolymer (PMMA) before and after doping with methyl orange at different concentration. The samples are exposed to UV-radiation for exposure time within (10-50hr) range. At other time the samples were heated to (100-110 and 120°C). These polymer systems were evaluated spectrophotometrically. The absorption spectra of exposed samples show radiation induced absorption changes in the wavelength range, which depends on the dopent concentrations. The photodegradation increases the absorption of degraded samples. The increment depends dopant concentration, especially in ultra violet region in exposed PMMA doped with methyl orange at 6.7×10 -2wt/wt concentration. The decreased in absorption is seen for the cases in which photo and thermal degradation had caused surface damage, chain scission formation, especially in ultra violet region in the PMMA samples. Calibration curves are drawn at peaks of selected wavelength in the absorption spectra. The linear regions from the calibration curves are selected. Energy gap shift ,with thermal aging of PMMA before and after doping with Methyl Orange exhibited significant change at (110°C), is near the (Tg) of (PMMA). Morphological investigations for the surface damages (chain scission) caused by thermal and photo degradation are detected by optical microscope. It is found that the photo degradation and thermal aging could easily lead to some mechanical surface degradation. The effect of dopant concentration on dielectric constant and thermal conductivity is also studied. The results show increase in dielectric constant with increasing dopant concentration. PMMA doped methyl orange at 6.7х10-2wt/wt concentration selected to study dielectric constant and thermal conductivity due to its best response. It is found that there are systematic changes in its dielectric constant, and thermal conductivity with its response range.

In this study, (Cd2SnO4) thin film has been prepared by Spray pyrolysis on the slides glasses of ( 0.2 M ) fro (CdCl2.2H2O) and (0.2 M,0.1 M) from (SnCl4.5H2O) . some films were prepared in different temperature ( 543,583,703) k, also it is preparation some samples in different spray distance (24,29,34) cm,and also it is prepared some samples in two flow rates of gases (24,27) ml/min and it is prepared another samples (Cd:Sn) in different volume concentrations(1 : 1,2 : 1) , and also we will make annealing process at temperatures (873 k) and for ( 60 min ) . It is obtain from the test of X – Ray diffraction that the deposition films at low degrees of temperature was crystalline and these films be amorphous at high degrees of temperature. The heat annealing of the films decrease the crystal defects and that increase the film’s crystalline degree and begin to growth crystal planes to amorphous films. The optical measurements obtained that the films have high transmition in visible region and that make it transmition materials for that region where it have transmition between (55 % - 97%) from wave lengths (740 – 900 ) nm ,and the annealing film’s tansmition increase and this increase combined with increase the energy gap for annealing films. Also the Absorption coefficient and Extinction coefficient change because of the changing the preparation conditions for the films , like( temperature degree of deposition substrate , spray distance , flow velocity of sputter gas , molarity concentration and volume percentage for contains deposition solution) .

The previous studies carried out siliconizing in pack process in the range of 1000- 1200Cº .They found that the pack mass was sintered ,and stuck to the samples so that it was very difficult to remove the contaminations from the pack.The samples were very much distorted and the grain size of the core increased due to high temperature and prolonged heat treatment. In this study, the synthesis of pack cemented coating was investigated on two stainless steels (304 and 316L), in order to form silicide compounds on their surface at lower temperatures(800, 900, and 950C º) to avoid sintering of the pack and adhesion of material to the samples surface, then studying the mechanical & oxidation properties of these samples. In our investigation silicon was used as a master alloy and alumina (Al2O3) as a filler material. Also ammonium chloride was used as an activator with different weight percentage as (5,7, and 10%), in order to increase the efficiency of the coating layer formation process. The results of X-Ray diffraction allow to conclude that the upper layer obtained is a mixture of intermetallic phases, therefore, we conclude that coating mainly comprises ( Fe-Si ) inter - metallic compounds, this layer is followed by an inter - diffusion zone consisting (Si) inward diffusion in the substrate and outward diffusion of alloying elements as represented by LOM images. The coating layer formation is a temperature and activator weight percentage dependant process, which means that it is a diffusion controlled reaction. Thus the thickness of sample siliconized with pack content 10% activator at 950Cº is higher than sample siliconized with pack content 7% and 5% activator and these samples have higher thickness than samples coating at 900Cº and 800Cº at same conditions. The average coating thickness obtained by siliconizing process after 4hr by using different activator weight percentage for the two selected alloys are : 1- 68.520 - 129.390µm for 304 ss alloy. 2- 75.929 - 192.592µm for 316L ss alloy. Weight gain test result shows different behavior with increasing temperature and activator weight percentage. As temperature and activator weight percentage are increased the weight gain droops to negative value due to formation of iron chloride which encourage the migration of iron from the substrate surface to the pack. In addition to the above, those alloys have shown a great deal of improvement in wear resistance due to the formation of hard phases which clearly contributed in increasing hardness value and ultimate tensile strength. Oxidation test in dry air has also been implemented under a temperature of 850Cº for all specimens of the selective alloys (coated and uncoated ). The results show an enhancement in oxidation resistance for those alloys due to formation of protective oxide scale SiO2 which increase their oxidation resistance. Micro - hardness testing appears a gradual decrease in hardness towards the core indicating that the composition of coating consists of a solid solution of Fe-Si of varying composition at different depth.

In the present work , a bulk graphite substrate was coated with nickel and multilayer of nickel- chrome using electroplating technology. The experimental equipment and facilities were locally designed and constructed. After steps ( cutting , grinding and cleaning ) of substrates and bath solution preparation, the electroplating process for preparing substrates was began. The deposition conditions ( PH ,distance between electrodes , time of plating and current density ) were varied during deposition process. The heat treatment was carried out or selected electrodeposited specimens at different temperatures for one hour. The test and measurements ( optical examination, thickness measurements, adhesion test and microhardness test) of coated bulk graphite by layer of nickel and multilayer of nickel- chrome were carried out . The optical examination for morphologies of the coated surfaces showed that the variation in deposition conditions are influenced the microstructure of the electrodeposited layers. From the microstructure analysis , it was found that the grain size tend to be smaller as the PH of solution , the current densities and distances between electrodes are increased and time decreased. The effect of heat treatment on the microstructure showed an encouraged grain growth which was more at high treatment temperature. The mechanical tests of electrodeposited layers results showed that the maximum value of adhesion strength was ( 13.75 MPa at t= 15 min. and PH = 3.5) , but most samples show a perfect adhesion strength . Adhesion strength is also enhanced by heat treatment effect due to the diffusion occurred between the coating layer and substrate. The microhardness value of graphite coated by layer of nickel showed to be increased to maximum values ( 585 MPa at PH = 3.5and J= 6.5 A/dm2 ), and the maximum values of microhardness of graphite coated by multilayer of nickel-chrome was 1325 MPa at t = 120 min. and J = 32.6 A / dm2, but the microhardness values decreased by the effect of heat treatment.

The research may be more advance results which would be very useful in most industrial applications. The effective engineering grooves shape on adhesive toughness and strength, especially at many adhesive materials selected and used (Epoxy Resin, Unsaturated polyester Resin, poly vinyl alcohol, Synthetic Arabic Gum) (UP/EP/ PVA/GR) with sandwich adhesive materials like Wood, Aluminum and Teflon. First stapes, all adhesive materials were experimented and all mechanical properties had been denoted. Sandwich molds could be made from such that selected materials with different engineering grooves shape triangle, squire and circular with asymmetric bonding of (0°, 90°) degree. Shape of grooves and symmetric bonding degree two different angles had be tested and investigated. (EP) resin shows with aluminum molds which has triangle groove, high magnitude of (Modulus of Rigidity) (K) (122.2085 MPa) at zero angle, other wise in (90°) angle shows (95.59055 MPa). The same thing done with aluminum which have squire grooves shape at zero angle, (K) was (95.25825 MPa), (90°) angle (K) equal (284.0124 MPa). Than with circular grooves (K) values at different angles was denoted as (347.1919 MPa) at (0°) angle and (102.8187 MPa) at (90°) angle. The process was made for Wood and Teflon also with same different grooves and different angles (0°, 90°) as well as (UP, GR and P.V.A) used with the same different molds too. An application of (EP) as adhesive materials with Wood was made and found efficient and succeeds with high (K) and low (K) with aluminum receptivity. The experimental results of using (UP) with aluminum mold was (100.7299 MPa), (275.5964 MPa) for angle (0°, 90°) respectively, at triangle grooves, Teflon molds result test was (38.68297 MPa) (14.211714 MPa) for (K) and (0°, 90°) angles respectively and triangle grooves. At squire grooves (K) results was (159.9606 MPa) and (247.1016 MPa) for (0°, 90°) angles respectively. Using (UP) with wood mold found more efficient than another adhesive resins. The result was not succeed when use (GR and PVA) with aluminum and Teflon molds. The experimental result of using (GR and PVA) with wood mold was value (K) (129.5383 MPa), (190.1477 MPa), (38.33469 MPa), (34.73393 MPa) for angle (0°, 90°) respectively at triangle grooves. At squire groove (K) were show (111.8 MPa), (69.19796 MPa), (31.07483 MPa), (38.78967 MPa) for (0°, 90°) angles respectively. The experimental results of using (GR) with wood mold which has triangle grooves at angle (90°) and using (PVA) with wood mold which has squire grooves at angle (0°), shows higher fracture resistance.

In this work metal matrix composite was produced by powder metallurgy method (M/P). Aluminum powder was used as matrix and silicon oxide was used of (106 µm) particle size at weight percentage ( 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) from silicon oxide as first stage. Then the sample were formed by unaxial pressing by using hydraulic press with pressure equal (5 ton) sintered in side electric furnaces under atmosphere of inert gas (argon) at different temperatures as fallowing: • 470 ˚C for (one, two, and three) hours In the second stage the same particle size that have been chosen , and used weight percentage (5%) from silicon oxide which reinforced to aluminum and the sintering process was done as the following: • 500 ˚C and 530 ˚C for (one, two, and three) hours All samples were subjected to the following: Density and porosity and Hardness and Compressive strength and X-Ray diffraction to determine all phases. It was found that the density increase after sintering , and in X-Ray diffraction was found there is no new phase exist after sintering, at all sintering temperature that sintering by it and any time and period for all the weight percentage. Also it was found that the hardness is increased with increment of the amount of added particles, and the hardness is increased with increment of the sintering temperature, except at temperature (530 ˚C) the hardness was decreased when that it was in temperature (500 ˚C) . and the hardness is increased the sintering time temperature except temperature(530 ˚C) . Also it was found that the compressive strength increased with increment of the amount of added particles, and the compressive increased with increment of the sintering temperature, except at the temperature of (530 ˚C), the compressive strength decreases when that it was in temperature (500 ˚C) . And the compressive is increased the sintering time temperature except temperature (530 ˚C). From the wear test it is found that the wear resistance increase with the increasing the weight percentage of SiO2 particles, and the wear resistance with increasing the sintering temperature except at temperature (530 ˚C), and the wear resistance increases with the increasing the sintering temperature and the period of sintering temperature.

The research involves study of Adhesion wear resistance with changing load applied and also asliding velocity, disc's type was studied also for polymer blends using Epoxy ,Unsaturated Polyester and Novolac phenol,as a thermosetting blend was prepared as binary and ternary polymer blends; using these resins with that ratios as follows: 1- Binary blends (EP/UP) at blend ratios (80%/20%). 2- Binary blends (EP/Nov) at blend ratios (80%/20%). 3- Ternary blends (EP/ UP /Nov) at blend ratios (80%/10%/10%). 4- Ternary blends (EP/ UP /Nov) at blend ratios (60%/20%/20%). Also compression strength and shore hardness were studied before and after immersing in chemical solutions (NaOH,HCl) with concentration (0.5) normalit ;Diffusion coefficient were calculated for blend in (NaOH,HCl,NaCl, H2O) . In general the wear resistance was increased in binary blends from (2.3873 gm/cm) compared with the ternary (0.9018 gm/cm); also increased with increasing load applied till (20N) from (0.5093 - 4.0319 (gm/cm)). also wear ratio increase with increasing immersion time at amount (4.5624 gm/cm) . The effect of base solution (8.1169 gm/cm) was greater than that of the acid (4.7746 gm/cm) in all blends. Wear resistance was increased in brass disc (1.5415 gm/cm) compared with iron disc (0.3713 gm/cm). Compression strength was decreased after immersing in solution and also shore hardness. Diffusion coefficient (Dx) was less one for binary blends (80%EP/20%UP) compared with other.

In this study it has been used the powder of petroleum coke from type needle coke as a filling material which content high percentage of carbon element and it was used a carbohedric material as a bonding material represented with a sugar solution (sugar & water) where sugar is classified in hydrogen cokes family, and this type of carbohedric residue carbon element during heat process. We were chosen four grain sizes from the filling material and every size of them would be divided to four samples and put them under a different medium heat temperatures reached to (1000oc). During heat treatment we get lose in weight of the samples against increase of the true density for them. Then we added the bending material (which was (16%) and equal to (0.2 gm) from the whole weight of the sample), and after homogenous mix and press processing we would dry the samples in (180oc) and then we make the electrical test. The best results were for the samples which have lower grain size and it represented with (D1 , D2 , D3 and D4); where the electrical conductivity was [ (0.329) , (0.482) , (0.739) , (1.522) ] (Ω.cm)-1 respectly , and for the other sizes the best results were for it which had heat treatment at (1000oc) where it was [(0.780) , (1.005) , (1.302) , (1.522)] (Ω.cm)-1 respectly, X – ray diffraction to the samples which had heat treatment in (1000oc) and for the samples which have lower grain size and had heat treatment in different temperatures, we observed that the grain size and temperature of heat treatment effect the crystalline degree where the crystalline degree increases when the grain size decreases and the temperature of heat treatment increases.

This research including preparation a thermoplastic polymer blends to improve its mechanical & physical properties, the blend used was (HDPE) High Density Polyethylene & (HIPS) High Impact Polystyrene, with different weight ratio and compare it with its components individually using Single Screw Extruder. The behavior of this blend was studied using some physical and mechanical properties such as ( Hardness , Compression, creep , Impact , Bending , Thermal conductivity & Diffusion coefficient of these blends with solutions (Nacl ,KOH, HNO3) with Normality (0.5 N). It was found that HIPS decreased the Impact strength & Thermal conductivity when adding to HDPE ,also Compression strength decreased unless the ratio (90 HDPE/ 10 HIPS)% found increased . Also adding HIPS to HDPE increases Hardness, Creep strength, Young modulus and the higher Young modulus was (70 HDPE/ 30 HIPS)%. Diffusion Coefficient ( D ) was calculated for all samples in a chemical solutions(Nacl ,KOH, HNO3) with Normality (0.5 N) for three months ; the higher value for D was for Nacl & HNO3 solution for HDPE and HIPS alone ; the higher D for blends was found in KOH for (90 HDPE/ 10 HIPS)%.

The research involves using phenol – formaldehyde (Novolak) resin for making Novolak compact with hexamethylenetramine in different ratio (15%) and (20%) by weight , also this work involves preparing composite material by using Novolak as a matrix , while flint was used as rein forcing material and making composite compact with same ratio of hardener . The research was studied mechanical , physical , thermal and electrical properties for all specimens in natural conditions and after immersion in natural water . Mechanical test included ( hardness , compression and adhesion force ) , while thermal tests included thermal conductivity and Erosion resistance , this test included photographs pictures further , physical test were studied including the specimen's absorption after immersion the samples in distilled and natural water . Electrical tests were studied including relative dielectric constant for all samples . In general the results have show that flint and increasing of hardener (HMTA) leads to enhancement hardness , but at the same time give negativity effect for compression . The results show that the flint and increasing the (HMTA) positivity affect the erosion resistance but negativity affect the thermal conductivity. For relative dielectric constant , flint and increasing the (HMTA) leads to improvement relative dielectric constant . The results show that the immersion in water leads to decreasing mechanical properties and relative dielectric constant but increase thermal conductivity .

In this work, we designed and fabricated a d.c. sputtering system for deposition of different films. The cathode was made of copper metal and consists of two main pieces, first was a disc contains a cylindrical cavity for fix the sputtering target. This disc is fixed to the second piece of cathode, which is the lower cylinder using (4) nuts and rubber O-ring to prevent leakage during operation of the system. The cathode was covered with cylindrical case of aluminium metal to prevent the sputtering from other parts of cathode except the surface of target. The anode contains a rectangle stainless steel plate, on which the substrate was fixed. This plate was fixed to isolated bakalite arm. The deposition chamber was pumped with pumping system consists of a mechanical-rotary pump and a diffusion pump. The sputtering deposition processes is achieved with pure argon (99.999%) and a cadmium target of (5cm) for (30min.) under different voltages (3.5, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.4, 4.6, 4.8)kV., and under different pressures ( , , , , )Torr, with different inter-electrode distances (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)cm. X-ray diffraction spectra of some sputtered films show the hexagonal- closed structure, which belong to the cadmium metal. The experimental results show that the sputtering yield increases with increment of voltage and pressure, and decrease with increment of inter-electrode distance. Maximum deposition rate was (102-105)A°/min. at voltage of (4.6kV), pressure of ( Torr), and at inter-electrode distance of (2cm). In general, transmittance increases with increment of wavelength from (360nm) to (450nm), and shows a rapid increment from (450nm) to (900nm). In general, Absorption coefficient decreases with increment of wavelength from (360nm) to (500nm), and shows a rapid decrease from (500nm) to (900nm). In general, Extinction coefficient decreases with increment of wavelength from (360nm) to (500nm), and shows a rapid decrease from (500nm) to (900nm).

In this research, we studied the cracking behavior of polymeric blend consists of epoxy (EP) and polysulphide (PSR) using projectile technique. We prepared specimens at different weight ratio extended from (0% to 100%). Results have shown that in the increase of the polysulphide in the binary mixture the kinetic energy of the bullet will reduces because of the increase in the energy containment and latter the damage that the target is exposed to will be reduced and the momentum will be less and the number of the circular cracks would increase and the radial cracks which were at high number when the target was made of pure epoxy resin (EP) would decrease. In studying the effect of three basic axes presented in the thickness of the sample, the bullet mass and the distance between the target and the shot gun mouth. it has been concluded that in changing the sample's thickness to (4, 6, 8)mm and the firmness of the bullet mass and the distance it appeared that there is a reduction in the value of kinetic energy of the bullet. In increasing the sample's thickness and the number the circular cracks in the number of radial cracks. But when changing the distance for the dimensions (4, 6, 8)mm it has been observed that there is no impact on the kinetic force of the bullet. In increasing the distance between the gun mouth and the target which is explained on the basis that the increase in the distance led to an equal increase in time and later firmness in speed and energy. When the bullet mass is changed in the value of the kinetic energy was observed and an increase in the number of radial cracks and reduction in the circular cracks. The specimens were photographed by using the using the optical microscope and cracks appeared in these pictures and a test for the hardness for samples mentioned earlier and we have come that increasing the rubber of the polysulphide (PSR) firmness will be lower because in the energy absorbed in the mixture.

Unsaturated polyester resin widely separated because of its low cost and its good physical properties . To get higher impact resistance , it has been blended with nitrile rubber (NBR) , for the weight ratios (UP 70/ NBR 30)% and (UP 80 / NBR 20)% . In another experiment , the first blend was reinforced with (12 %) of glass powder . Some mechanical and physical properties were carried out on these samples like : impact strength , (I.S) , elastic modulus (E) , compressive strength (C.S) hardness , friction coefficient (F.C) , thermal conductivity and diffusion coefficient at different conditions including : natural conditions , and after the immersion in chemical solutions for different periods of time such as (water , H2SO4 acid solution and CaCl2 salt solution ) at different concentrations (0.1,0.2,0.3)N. The results showed that the composite material reinforced with glass powder has showed higher impact strength , Young’s modulus and thermal conductivity and the polymer blend (UP 70 / NBR 30)% has showed higher compressive strength , hardness and friction coefficient With respect to the effect of water and chemical solutions on mechanical properties , the results of this study showed the increase in impact strength values of polymer blend (UP 80 / NBR 20)% after the immersion in these chemical solutions compared with natural conditions . It has found that the polymer blend (UP 70 / NBR 30)% has higher diffusion coefficient in the (0.2)N H2SO4 acid solution while the other polymer blend (UP 80/ NBR 20)% has higher diffusion coefficient in water.

This work has been done with using of unsaturated polyester resin mixed with natural rubber (90%-10%) to compose polymeric blend. This polymeric blend is the matrix, which reinforced with several types of reinforcements (Al powder, Al wires, and glass fibers) with a volume fraction of 20%. Hand Lay-up method is used in fabrication of samples of research. Four samples have been prepared: - 1. Blend (Unsaturated polyester + Natural Rubber). 2. Blend reinforced with hybrid (Al wires + glass fibers). 3. Blend reinforced with Al wires. 4. Blend reinforced with Al powder. Several mechanical tests are carried out on these samples, and these are:- Bending test, hardness test, compression test, impact test, creep test, and flexural test. These tests are carried out on samples under the influence of normal conditions (room temperature) and after immersion of all samples in the chemical solutions (KOH, HNO3, and Na2CO3) for 1,2, and 3 months. The normality for all these chemical solutions is 1. Results show that samples of blend reinforced with hybrid (Al wires + glass fibers) possess better mechanical properties of impact strength, creep resistance, and flexural strength at all conditions of tests (room temperature and after immersion in chemical solutions). Moreover, these samples possess better mechanical properties of bending (Young’s modulus) after being immerged in chemical solutions. Samples of blend (Unsaturated polyester + Natural Rubber) possess better mechanical properties of compression strength at all conditions of test. While samples of blend reinforced with Al wires possessed better mechanical properties of bending (Young’s modulus) in room temperature, and hardness after being immerged in chemical solutions. Finally samples of blend reinforced with Al powder possess better mechanical properties of hardness at room temperature. Generally, samples of blend reinforced with hybrid (Al wires + glass fibers) are the better samples in the mechanical tests, while samples of blend reinforced with Al powder are the weakest samples in the mechanical tests. The tests results are affected by all the chemical solutions, but the base solution KOH is the most effective solution.

This thesis studies the prepareation of PbTe alloy and thin films and measurement of its structural, electrical and optical properties. The importance of this comes from the important role that the PbTe plays in IR applications because it has a small energy gap (0.30)eV. PbTe alloy has been prepared successfully in an evacuated quartz ampoule. By x-ray diffraction (XRD)it was found that; the alloy is polycrystalline with cubic structure . The PbTe thin films have been prepared by thermal evaporation from the alloy in a vacuum of (2*10-5)mbar with thickness 500nm at room temperatures and annealed at different annealing temperatures of (373,423,473)K for 30 min. The XRD examination show that PbTe thin films prepared at room temperature and annealed at different temperature are polycrystalline with cubic structure The electrical measurements show that the PbTe thin films have two kinds of activation energy increased with increasing annealing temperature . The Hall effect measurements prove that thin films are n-type at room temperature and convert to p-type by annealing temperature and found that NH decreases with increasing annealing temperature but μH increases with increasing annealing temperature. The optical measurements show that the PbTe thin films have direct energy gap which show that energy gap increases with increasing annealing temperatures and measure the optical constant (refractive index, extinction coefficient and real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant ) which decrease with increasing annealing temperatures.

Due to increasing the importance which was occurred in the last year for using composite materials in general and polymers in especial in different advanced industrial applications, so this research come to explaine the important mechanical properties and the effect of aggressive chemical solutions on polymeric composite materials. Epoxy resin type (EP-223)was used as a matrix for composite materials, with iron on the form of wires iron powder and Nylon mat as reinforcement with volume fraction (Vf=30%). Three types of composites were prepared:- (1)Epoxy reinforced with iron wires and Nylon. (2)Epoxy reinforced with iron powder. (3)Epoxy reinforced with iron wires and iron powder. Research subject was implies studying some of mechanical and physical properties for composite materials in different conditions (Natural conditions and Chemical solutions). The chemical solutions which was used in the research were:- Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and Nitric acid (HNO3)with concentration (0.5N),(1N)for each one. Mechanical properties that be studied were:- Young's Modulus (E), Impact Strength (I.S.), Compressive Strength (C.S) and Brinel Hardness (HBr), and also we were studied physical properties which were:- Thermal Conductivity, Dielectric (D.C.)and also Absorption test for all prepared composite materials with calculating diffusion coefficient by immersing them for a period of time in chemical solutions. In natural conditions, composite material reinforced with iron powder showed the highest value of young's modulus(8.6716 GPa), hardness (19.3873).Hybrid composite material reinforced with(iron wires and nylon) showed the highest value of impact strength (58.1170 KJ/m2) and compressive strength(111.209 MPa), while the highest value of thermal conductivity was for hybrid composite material of iron powder and wires (0.6319 W/m.oC). On the other hard, and concerning the study of mechanical and physical properties and absorption test for composite materials which were immersed in chemical solutions, have recored contrasty results from one material to another.

In this research thin films of (ZnS) have been prepared as pure and doped by Aluminum (Al), Copper (Cu) and Nickel (Ni) with different ratio (i.e 2% , 5%), the films were prepared by chemical spray Pyrolysis from zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and thioriaa (CS(NH2)2) at substrate temperature (583K). The structural properties of thin films were studied by using reflective optical microscope and x-ray diffraction. Were appeared that the thin films have polycrystalline structure type (Zincblende) and the doping processes did show obvious effect on crystal structure of (ZnS) films doping with (Cu and Ni) where became near from amorphous structure, also calculated the lattice constant (a) and its values decreased after doping process. From studying of optical properties for range of wave length (300-900nm), the transmission were (75-85%), where doping process did show decreases in transmission of thin films because extinction increasing in radiation intensity after doping. Also calculated the optical constant such as absorption coefficient (), extinction coefficient (K) and energy gap (Eg) for direct electronic transitions where value equal to (3.42eV) before doping and between (3.38-3.02)eV after doping depending on material and concentration doping. Finally, the electrical properties for all films were studied through variation of resistively () with temperature for range (303-413)K and calculated the electrical conductivity () and activation energy (Ea). As a result of the doping process the conductivity was increased but the activation energy was decreased, from Seebeck effect investigations showed all films were of (n – type), and from the measurements of the activation energy of electro-thermal power (Es) that the its values was increased after doping and from it calculated the activation energy of mobility (E) where equal to different between (Ea) and (Es).

Abstract

The present study used p-type silicon with oriented (111) with a resistivity range of 1.5-4Ω cm inorder to fabricate porous silicon (PS) layers using the electrochemical etching (ECE) technique. The etching solution comprises hydrofluoric acid and high-quality ethanol (C2H5OH), with a concentration of 25% for the electrolyte solution HFc. The porous silicon samples were created using various current densities, including 10, 20, and 30mA/cm2, and the total time of the anodization process for all samples remained at 15 minutes. The optical, electrical, structural, and morphological properties of PS samples were conducted using the following equipment’s; field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) analysis, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) test, photoluminescence (PL) and J-V measurements. PL tests are performed at ambient temperature and in the air. According to these results, the PL intensity was most significant at 20 mA/cm2 current density. The corresponding wavelengths for PS, AuNPs, In2O3NPs, and Au@In2O3 NPs were 573, 440, 454, and 407 nm, respectively. The FE-SEM micrographs demonstrated that the structure of pours silicon had a sponge-like morphology at the nanoscale. The gold (Au) and indium (In) nanoparticles were synthesized using the laser ablation technique in liquid. The gold and indium targets were submerged in an absolute ethanol solution and subjected to laser irradiation using a Nd: YAG laser with a laser energy of 700 mJ, 200 pulses, and a laser wavelength of 1064 nm. The morphological and optical properties of AuNPs/PS, In2O3NPs/PS, and Au@In2O3 NPs/PS were investigated using FESEM and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The Au NPs, In2O3 NPs, and Au@In2O3 NPs were grown on a porous silicon substrate that was fabricated at various current densities of 10, 20, and 30mA/cm2 by drop casting (15 drops). The morphological and structural characteristics were investigated by FE-SEM and XRD respectively. The current-voltage measurements were conducted under two conditions: in the absence of light (dark) and under white light illumination with varying power intensities. The obtained results demonstrated that the AuNPs deposited on the porous silicon layer, In2O3 grown on porous silicon substrate, and Au@In2O3NPs/PS device exhibited an enhancement in electrical current. The study demonstrates the improvement in electrical properties and responsivity of the visible-range detector as the size of the Au NPs, In2O3 NPs and Au@In2O3 NPs decreased. The observed enhancement referred to the photoresponse and ratio of surface to volume of the nanoscale-based device. The higher responsivity of AuNPs/PS, In2O3NPs/PS, and as a Au@In2O3NPs/PS photo-detectors and gas sensor we noticed using current densities that the best current used was 20 mA/cm2 at a leaser power of 700mJ.

Abstract

In this theses , the sensitivity of porous silicon (PS) was developed to sense the temperature by deposition of graphene on Porous silicon (G/PS) by three different methods( drop casting ,welding process , candle coal) , which can be used in the application of thermal sensors (temperature sensors). Silicon wafer (n-type) with orientation (100) was used in this research, with a resistance of about (1-10) Ω.cm to prepare the porous silicon by the photoelectrochemical etching (PECE) by passing a current of density (J = 15mA / cm2) with a concentration of hydrofluoric solution (HF) by 20% after it was diluted with a high ethanol solution Purity and a time of (15 min). Where the structural, morphological, optical, chemical and electrical properties were studied by deviation (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM),Atomic force microscopy (AFM), (EDX) test shows the components of the substrate, Optical properties (UV-Visible spectroscopy), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum and (I-V) characteristic . XRD showed a wide diffraction peak when the size of the crystal becomes nanometers, and the (FE-SEM) examination showed a clear picture of the surface porosity and graphene penetrating inside these nonporous. In addition, AFM show the roughness and morphology of surface for PS layer like sponge . While the absorbance show in two concentrations (100% - 50%) (1082 -1092) nm and energy gap was (1.58-1.78) ev respectively and FTIR test illustrated wide adsorption at 3439 cm-1 for (O-H), (C=O) at 1678 cm-1 and C=C at 1639 cm-1 .The results of thermal sensor obtained by examining (I-V) at room temperature 27C0 and high temperature 100C0 and the changing of current density were noted. The current-voltage measurement observed gradual increase in the current at a certain temperature limit for the three samples that were prepared by three deposition methods Drop casting method , welding process and candle coal. After continuing to increase the temperature with constant voltage, we notice a decrease in the current readings until the sample break down and the current becomes zero. It was found through thermal testing of the three samples that the drop casting deposition method is more sensitive to heat and more resist.

Abstract

The pure, Fe, Ag, Mn-doped and (Fe/Mn, Ag/Mn) co-doped copper sulfide nanostructures with high surface areas were synthesized by a hydrothermal technique using simple materials. All the samples were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Williamson – Hall analysis (W-H), Field-Emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), zeta potential, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), and Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The XRD patterns indicate that all CuS samples are in hexagonal covellite polycrystalline phases with estimated crystalline sizes of 25.14–11.03 nm. No impurity peaks are observed, indicating the high purity of the final products. The W-H method could be used to measure the lattice strain in the undoped and co-doped samples. It is clear that the values for crystallite size obtained from the W-H plot were higher than those obtained from the Scherrer relation calculation. FESEM measurements showed that the products at different magnifications are composed of microspheres, and the structures that resemble spheres are made up of tens to hundreds of selfassembled nanoplates, perfectly organized and oriented, which are thick at 26–177 nm. EDS spectroscopy was used to identify the existence of components in the prepared samples, the results demonstrating both the purity of the samples and the successful doped of Fe, Ag, and Mn in the CuS host structure. The zeta potential examination was used to estimate the size of the electrostatic potential of the suspension in the solvent. The zeta potential measurements showed that undoped and Fe, Ag doped, and (Ag/Mn) co-doped CuS have a surface charge electrically stable, while the surface charge of the Mn-doped, and (Fe/Mn) co-doped is weakened. Optical measurements indicated the absorbance of CuS samples was highly extended to the visible region in the range 200−600 nm, and this area is important for antibacterial activity. The calculated band gaps were 3.19–2.24 eV. The FTIR peaks indicate the successful preparation of CuS nanostructures. The antibacterial activities of pure CuS doped with Fe, Ag, Mn, and co-doped (Fe/Mn, Ag/Mn) against E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa were evaluated by the inhibition zone method. All samples exhibited strong antibacterial activity against all strains. The highest level of inhibition against all strains was observed with a concentration of 4 mg/ml of copper sulfide. Among all the samples that were tested, (Ag/Mn) co-doped copper sulphide showed the highest antibacterial activity against both negative-gram and positive-gram bacteria.

Abstract

To develop sustainable photovoltaic materials in a competitive powergeneration market, a number of parameters, including cost, resource availability, and environmental constraints, must be taken into consideration in both material selection and processing. Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is an attractive option for Photovoltaic (PV) applications because, in addition to its material properties, which make it a suitable choice for PV applications, all of its constituent elements are abundant in the crust. This leaves us with the task of synthesizing such a compound in order to increase the quality and performance of devices made from CZTS thin films. A facile one-step hydrothermal method was utilized to prepare Cu2ZnSnS4 film using ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) as a complex agent. The efficient Molybdenum oxide layer was also grown by the same step as preparing the Cu2ZnSnS4 film. In this study, the effects of zinc concentrations, copper concentrations, different pH values, and different preparation temperatures on the structural, optical, and electrical properties were studied. Also, Raman analysis and X-ray diffraction supported the creation of polycrystalline kesterite phase Cu2ZnSnS4 films with preferred orientation along (112) plane and showed that structure property alters with work conditions. The thicknesses of Cu2ZnSn4 film were about (1-2) µm. Interestingly, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) revealed that surface morphology changes as work conditions change. UV-visible analysis showed high and broad absorbance spectra with high absorption coefficient values of more than 104 cm-1 in visible and infrared regions for all samples. The photoluminescence analysis demonstrated a single emission peak located at positions which is quite near to the band gap of ideal kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 forall samples. Finally, Hall measurement showed that all samples were p-type semiconductors. Also presented that the optimum conditions for synthesizing high-quality CZTS film were (Copper/(Zinc+Tin)=0.79), (Zinc/Tin=1.2), (pH=9), and T=200 0C for 24h. Finally, the best heterojunction solar cell was made with Mo foil /MoO3/CZTS/ Zn0.35Cd0.65S/ZnO/Al configuration. A photovoltaic conversion efficiency of (2.21%) was attained under 100 mW/cm2 with an open-circuit voltage of (0.415) V, short-circuit current density of (14.3) mA/cm2 and a fill factor of (37.4%). The spectral response of CZTS- the based cell showed three response regions and the maximum was at 680 nm.

Abstract

Despite the remarkable and successful application of metallic orthopaedic surgery and bone replacement, there are main challenges of the long-term lively remains. Due to the poor osteoconductivity and dangers associated with surface corrosion and infections post-surgery, there is a related attention on improving the osteointegration of metallic implants with the surrounding tissues. In this study, bioactive nanocomposite coatings of bioceramics on metallic substrates (316L stainless steel substrates) were developed. Two methods of coating are adopted, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) and thermal spraying, to find the most appropriate method in terms of coating properties, attachment to the substrate, and the lowest cost. The EPD deposition method was adopted for three reasons: lower cost, better attachment to the substrate, and more stability for hydroxyapatite. In the present work, the chitosan was used as the organic part, acting as the matrix of the coating and enabling the coating to attach to the metallic substrates. Different types of ceramic fillers were investigated for the inorganic phases of the coatings, which were hydroxyapatite (HA) and titanium dioxide (TiO2). The major goal was to develop suitable EPD technology and understand the properties of nanocomposite HA / TiO2 coatings concerning the TiO2 concentration, to produce coatings with: adequate (i) homogeneity, (ii) attachment to the substrate, (iii) roughness, (iv) wettability and morphology, (v) electrochemical behaviour, (vi) bioactivity, and (vi) degradation behaviour. Other properties, such as antibacterial activity, were also analyzed. Different approaches were studied: substrate surfaces with different roughness (320-grit SiC grind, 800-grit SiC grind, and sandblasted surfaces); also, different deposition parameters were used (concentration of powders, applied voltage, and deposition time). Taguchi's approach was used to select the optimum conditions for deposition coatings. These conditions were 3 g/L, 50 V, and 1 min. The SEM and AFM analyses of HA/TiO2 nanocomposite coatings show the variation in the morphology as a consequence of different TiO2 concentrations. This appears in the reduction in the porosity and surface roughness of the coatings due to the addition of TiO2. The wettability measurements showed that all the coating surfaces are hydrophilic, with contact angle values ranging from 48.42° to 69.43°. XRD and EDS were used to investigate the composition and structure of the deposited coatings. The results proved that EPD did not affect the composition of the coating. To evaluate the bioactivity and formation of natural hydroxyapatite, all the coated samples were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF). The results confirmed that all coatings showed good bioactivity and that hydroxyapatite formed on their surfaces after being immersed in (SBF). The results also proved that all coatings imparted corrosion protection to the substrate when evaluated via potentiostatic polarization curves by immersion in SBF, but the coating with a 75% concentration of TiO2 showed the best corrosion protection and a lower corrosion rate. The diffusion method was used for the assessment of antibacterials against two types of bacteria; Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The samples exhibited good antibacterial activity against the Gram-negative type and excellent antibacterial activity against the positive type.

Abstract

Iraqi petroleum, especially from the Al-Ahdab, has a big problem resulting from its high percentage of heavy metals, high sulfur content ,and low API(American Petroleum Institute) leading to low specification of products. Furthermore, its ability to accelerate distillation tower is of great concern to the petroleum industry and the environment. The object of this study is to obtain light crude petroleum by eliminating or reducing these elements and obtaining outcomes that are as close to the criteria as possible. By using a novel magnetic ceramic filter synthesized by combining kaolin is low-cost environmentally friendly, with a low sintering temperature and palm frond in a 30% ratio with Co0.8Ni0.2Fe2O4 nanoparticles in a various weight ratios (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%). In this study, CNF (Cobalt-Nickel ferrite) nanoparticles were synthesized using the sol-gel process. The effect of the nickel-substituted cobalt ferrite, heat treatment, and pH value was studied. After examining the microstructure, physical, mechanical, and magnetic properties of the CNF nanoparticles. Then, the specimen Co0.8Ni0.2Fe2O4 prepared at pH = 9 and treated with 1100 °C has the optimum properties particularly magnetic properties. It was selected to prepare magnetic ceramic filter. In this research investigated the addition effect of Co0.8Ni0.2Fe2O4 nanoparticles could change microstructure, physical, mechanical, and magnetic properties of the ceramic filters. The results show Field Emission Scanning Electron microscopy a homogeneous grain, porosity and bond microstructure together by a finer matrix without internal defects. The addition of Co0.8Ni0.2Fe2O4 in the ceramic filter may cause changes in the magnetic properties. The magnetization and coercivity increasing from (0. 0.215to 9.76emu/g) and (371.05 to1159.7Oe), respectively with increasing Co0.8Ni0.2Fe2O4 content. The addition of CNF nanoparticles will decrease the porosity and water absorption, due to CNF nanoparticles used as filler that close some pores. While compressive strength and diametrical strength increasing with increase CNF nanoparticles. API gravity of crude petroleum increase reach 32% after treated with magnetic ceramic filter. While decrease Sulfur content, Carbon residue, Asphaltenes content reach 2.8, 5.83, and 2.67, respectively. Removal efficiencies of Ni, Si, V, Ca, Na,Cr, Mg, and Mn was determined 72.53%, 96.37%, 54.32%, 89.58%, 92.10%, 75.55%, 77.17%, and100%, respectively. Reuse studies concluded that the magnetic ceramic filter can be reused up to three cycles repeatedly. As a result, heavy oil has been converted to the lightest petroleum obtainable. These filters will also become more popular because of their low preparation costs, ease of preparation, high adsorption capacity, and easy recycling features.

Abstract

Superconductor Materials have entered into many applications and advanced technological fields, due to their excellent properties characterized by zero resistance and expelling the external magnetic field. High-Temperature Superconductors (HTS) have become the focus of researchers and scientists that gives significant critical temperatures compared to traditional materials. This study focuses on preparing a series of High-Temperature Superconductor YBa2Cu3O7-δ (Y-123) oxide, by using the SolutionGelatin (Sol-gel) and Citrate Pyrolysis methods. In addition, studying the effect of the sintering time at (15 and 25) hours on its properties. The best (Y-123) sample was prepared by the sol-gel method using a sintering time of about 25 h, and it has the highest critical temperature (Tc= 91 K), according to the Resistance-Temperature test (R-T). In contrast, the best critical temperature (Tc) of the (Y-123) sample was about (Tc= 95 K) using a sintering time of 25 h, which was prepared in the Citrate Pyrolysis method. The final (Y-123) samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), which showed that all samples have an orthorhombic structure. And, the field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), showed that the (Y-123) samples consisted of plate-form grains. According to our results, we suggest this (Y-123) material is suitable for renewable energy applications.

Abstract

In this study, the layers of porous silicon (PS) produced from the n-type silicon with a (100) orientation and 0.1-100 Ω.cm resistance with the use of the approach of photoelectrochemical etching, the samples were anodized in a mixture solution of 48% HFc and 99% concentration C2H2OH, HFc concentration in the solution has been 20%. Morphology characteristics of the samples of PS prepared have been studied by different etching time(5,15,and 25min) of the value of the current density in to 20 mA/cm² , and imaged PS sample in the Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and the Atomic force microscopy (AFM),there were showed rough silicon surface, with the increase in the process of the etching (i.e. the etchingtime) nucleates of the porous structure that results in increasing the surface area. As a result, the roughness of the surface increases, and it has been discovered that the PS’s porosity increases with the increase of the time of etching. The measurements of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) have confirmed the PS crystallinity nature. ZnO was prepared in two Methods. In the first, ZnO NPs were synthesized via laser ablation using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. YAG laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm and a constant 200 shots at various laser pulse energies ranging from 400 to 800 mJ, ZnO NPs deposition on PS by drop-casting. morphological properties for ZnO NPs/PS were studied by XRD ,SEM, and AFM The results show XRD studies revealed that as-synthesized ZnONPs are polycrystalline structure of the zinc oxide.For samples, the SEM image shows roughly spherical particles with some aggregation.UV spectroscopy was used to investigate the optical properties of ZnO NPs. Spectroscopy in the UV-Visible Range The peak absorption of ZnO NPs suspense in Methanol was found to be between 317 and 315 nm, according to the absorption spectra. Displays the PL spectra at room temperature for the samples ZnO NPs/PS produced photoluminescence bands Spectrum ZnO NPs/PS systems at about 501 nm. The second ZnO nanostructure was made using a hydrothermal method that involved zinc acetate dehydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2.2H2O) 0.35 g and citric acid monohydrate (C6H8O7H2O) 0.24 g, (NaOH 10 M) for 19 hours at 150°C, and then drop-casting ZnO nanostructures onto PS. morphological properties for ZnO nanosetructures /PS were studied by XRD ,SEM, and AFM the results show XRD studies revealed that the hexagonal as-wurtzite ZnO is in the diffraction patterns , SEM image shows ZnO NPs agglomerate at the top of the surface of PS and take on a spherical shape. UV was used to investigate the optical properties of ZnO nanostructures. Spectroscopy in the UV-Visible Range The peak absorption of ZnO NPs suspense in Methanol was found to be around 380 nm, and shows PL spectra excitation value of the (498-520) nm. From as a result of photodetector measurements The performance of ZnO NPs/PS photodetectors was improved over a wide range of wavelengths. From results of gas sensing, the effect of changing the operating temperature of NO2, NH3 gas sensors fabricated from prepared samples on the sensor's sensitivity, recovery time, and response time. the maximum sensitivity of a NO2 gas sensor made of ZnO NPs/PS (600mJ), and the hydrothermal method the maximum sensitivity of a NO2 gas sensor made of ZnO nanostructures/PS (25 minutes).

Abstract

In this work, has been improve the sensitivity porous silicon (PS) by deposited multiwall carbon nanotube with zinc oxide nanoparticles (MWCNTs-ZnO NPs) on (PS) that can be used in gas sensors application. n-type silicon wafer (100) orientation was used for preparing porous silicon (PS) layers by photo-electrochemical etching (PECE) method, with resistivity of silicon wafer of about 1.5-4Ω.cm. The etching solution is made from of hydrofluoric acid and high purity ethanol by electrolyte solution concentration HFc=40%. PS samples were prepared at different etching current densities 12, 24 and 30mA/cm2 , and etching time 10min. structural, morphological, chemical, and optical properties are studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) , Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) measurements respectively. XRD analysis is appeared broad diffraction peak when the size of the crystal becomes inside nanometer. AFM images showed the PS layer had sponge like structure. And next step of the work was deposited (MWCNTs) on (PS) samples by using drop casting method (5 drops) at J=12,24,30 mA/cm2 with other preparation conditions fixed. Then mixed MWCNTs with ZnO NPs at a ratio (70%-30%) and deposited on PS sample of by using drop casting method (5 drops) at J=12, 24, 30 mA/cm2 , and etching time 10min. The TEM, FE-SEM, AFM ,XRD, Raman spectroscopy and FTIR are used for investigation of MWCNTs/PS properties. While the Raman test illustrated the G, D that spectrum peaks at1583 cm−1 and 1325 cm−1 respectively. While the FTIR examine was investigate the presence of Si-C, C=C, C-H, C-O bonds. the AFM result Depicted that the pore diameter and average roughness were increased after MWCNTs deposition . When contrasted to a PS surface, this causes the pore size to enlarge, increasing the surface roughness.. MWCNTs-ZnO/PS was obtained by FE-SEM, AFM, XRD,PL and the FTIR techniques. The sensitivity measurements were done for all samples at room temperature for different gases that best performance of the sensor when working at room temperature and thus to guarantee sufficient lifetime of the sensor and don’t more electrical power is required for operation. ,The results showed that the highest sensitivity of the samples was at MWCNTs-ZnO/PS , then MWCNTs/PS, and the lowest in PS samples ,the sensitivity for acetone gas was greater than other gases.

Abstract

In this thesis, a recent work of synthesis Perovskite Solar cells (PSCs) was presented. Including device design by using the spin coating technique to fabricate cells with structure (FTO/c-TiO2/mp-TiO2/MAPbI3/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au) through modifying the electron transport layers (ETLs) by using mixed solvents of γbutyrolactone (GBL) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). In addition, studying the properties of MAPbI3 by the addition of GBL into a chlorobenzene (CBZ) antisolvent solution and dripping it onto the perovskite layer. Herein, two types of additives are used with the perovskite cell in different concentrations to improve the performance of the cell by using the one-step deposition method (spin coating technique). In the first type, mixed solvent engineering of GBL: DMSO with different volume ratios (0:100%, 20:80%, 40:60%, and 60:40%) is used to modify the ETL/perovskite interface via wetting mp-TiO2 ETL. In the second type, a simple interface engineering at the perovskite/ hole transport layer (HTL) by utilizing a mixture of GBL as an additive solvent into CBZ as an anti-solvent with different volume ratios (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 2%). The results are accomplished using FESEM, XRD, UV-Vis, and PL examinations, as well as electrical properties and stability of the PSC, showing the changes in the structural, optical, and morphological properties of perovskite thin films. Moreover, the results confirm the modified perovskite with 1% GBL additive in anti-solvent CBZ is optimal that revealing a pinholes-free surface, low charge recombination, and higher crystallinity as shown by XRD, FESEM, UV-Vis, and PL respectively. Consequently, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of modified PSCs improved to 18.97% compared with the control device. Additionally, the modified devices were more stable in the air, maintaining 81% of their original PCE. Besides, the treated device by the wetting of mp-TiO2 with an optimal ratio of40%:60% of GBL: DMSO solvents produced a higher PCE of 18.72% as demonstrated in the statistics results of the photo voltaic (PV) parameters. This improvement could be attributed to the high quality of perovskite with large grain size, suppressed charge recombination, and without any residual PbI2 phase. Resulting in an increment in the hydrophobicity of the perovskite layer that raises the ambient stability of the corresponding PSCs as demonstrated in the stability measurements of the un-encapsulated devices maintained at room temperature (RT) with a relative humidity of 30% by measuring the contact-angle water droplets onto fabricated perovskite layers.

Abstract

In the present study, the porous silicon (PS) layers have prepared on the n-type silicon with an orientation (100) and resistivity (0.1-100) ohm.cm , photoelectrochemical etching cell approach was used. In this method, the samples were anodized within a mixture of hydrofluoric acid (HF) at a concentration of 48% and C2H2OH at a concentration of 99.99%, where the concentration of hydrofluoric acid in the solution was 20% with constant values for both current density (15mA/cm²) and etching time (15 min), the morphology characteristics of the produced samples were studied. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) has displayed the rough silicon surface of PS samples. X-ray pattern examinations proved the crystallinity nature of the PS. Gold: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles were prepared via pulsed laser (Q-switched Nd:YAG) ablation method with two wavelengths ( 1064 and 532 nm) with different energies of the pulse laser ranging from 500 to 820 mJ and 500 shoots. Then, by the drop casting method, the nanoparticles of Au:TiO₂ were deposited on the PS. The NPs formation process was done with and without applied of a 500 mT of external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field was applied, a broad band occurred of Au:TiO₂ NPs as well as the absorption peak was higher at a quantum size effect. Examinations of transmission electron microscope (TEM) proved that the prepared Au:TiO₂ NPs possess spherical shapes with average size from 17 to 29 nmWhen a magnetic field is applied during the NPs preparation process, the plasma confinement increases, resulting in smaller nanoparticles and less NPs agglomeration. Study of many electrical parameters such as the barrier height (Φʙ) and ideal factor (n) of AL/Au:TiO₂ NPs/PS/Si/AL heterojunction determined with the Current-Voltage (I-V) measurements. We observed a decrease in electric current measurements for all samples manufactured in the presence of an external magnetic field using the laser ablation method. From the results of photodetector measurements, the effectiveness of Au:TiO2/PS photo-detectors has improved for a wide range of wavelengths. Ultimately, many of samples were used as devices of gas sensors (H2S and NO2) under several of operation temperature. The maximum sensitivity of Au:TiO2/PS (660mJ) gas sensor of H2S and NO2 gases. After applying magnetic field, the Au:TiO2 NPs /PS device prepared with laser energy of 500 mJ has higher sensitivity for H2S at each of 25 and 150oC. Whereas, the Au:TiO2 NPs /PS device prepared with laser energy of 660 mJ has higher sensitivity for NO2 at temperature around 100oC.

Abstract

High-Temperature Superconductors (HTS) have become a focus of attention for many researchers in the nanotechnology fields; therefore, many improvements have been made to products based on Superconducting materials to employ them in modern and future applications. This work aims to prepare Bi2PbSr2CaCu2O8+δ (Pb, Bi-2212) Superconductor material and study the effect of laser energy density on its properties, especially on the optical and electrical characteristics. This material is useful in optoelectronic device applications. In the first stage of preparation, a series of high-purity powders of Superconducting Bi2PbSr2CaCu2O8+δ (Pb, Bi-2212) oxide were synthesized using the solid-state reaction method (SSR), followed by a sufficient period of calcining and sintering process to investigate its properties such as critical temperature (Tc). Then, the resultant powders were ground and pressed into a disc-shaped (1.3×0.3) cm. The best (Pb, Bi-2212) samples prepared have achieved the highest critical Superconductor temperature of (Tc = 93 K), according to the Resistance-Temperature test (R-T), so this sample was chosen as the main target for the physical deposition process. The second stage comprises employing a pulsed laser deposition technique (PLD) for creating (Pb, Bi-2212) thin films using different laser energy densities (4.7, 6.3, 7.9, 9.5, 11.1) J/cm2 , which are produced on two various substrates such as Silicon (Si) and Glass (G). The (Pb, Bi-2212) samples were analyzed using the X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), which was matched with the (JCPDS) database file; the crystallographic structure of all samples was shown to be an orthorhombic phase. Field emission-scanning electron microscopy analysis (FE-SEM) shows that the samples have spherical particles. The crystallite size of the (Pb, Bi-2212) material was measured from the FE-SEM images analysis (using the Image J software), which is equal to 42.8 nm for the (Pb, Bi-2212) target. And it increases from 41nm to 225 nm of the (Pb, Bi-2212)/Si film as laser energy density increases from 4.7 to 11.1 J/cm2 , also increases from 40 nm to 197 nm for (Pb, Bi2212)/G film. The optical energy gap of the (Pb, Bi-2212)/Si films decreases from 2.24 to 1.7 eV when the laser energy density increases and decreases from 3.6 to 2.1 eV for (Pb, Bi-2212)/G films. In addition, the optoelectronic characteristics of (Pb, Bi-2212)/Si PN-heterojunction photodetector were investigated. The electrical properties of the (Pb, Bi-2212)/Si PNheterojunction present, that the current transport mechanism is recombination-tunneling. The rectification factor decreased as laser energy density decreased.

Abstract

Poly methyl methacrylate was used as a base denture’s material originates by its distinct properties, despite that it had poor mechanical properties such as flexural strength and impact strength. In this work, stainless steel 316L (SS316L) wires with 0.8 mm diameter and 65 mm length were used to reinforce the PMMA samples and four wire surface modifications were conducted to investigate the possibility of improving the mechanical properties of the composite material. The surface modifications (treatments) involved: a scratching (mechanical treatment) of SS316L wires using silicon carbide powder for the treating periods 60, 90, 120, and 180 min, three electrodes anodization process by anodizing SS316L wires with AlCl3 solution at 20V applied voltage for the treating periods 15, 30, and 45 min, two electrodes anodization process by anodizing the wires with ethylene glycol solution and 5% of concentrated perchloric acid at 15V applied voltage for the periods 15, 20, 25, and 30 min, and coating the previously scratched wires with a layer of zinc via an electroplating process. A dilute acetic acid and Zinc Acetate solution was used for this process with an applied voltage of 5v for 60 minutes for all the scratched wires. All the prepared PMMA samples, having the dimensions of 65 × 10 × 3 mm3 , were reinforced by a single treated SS316L wire, besides preparing an unreinforced PMMA sample and a reinforced PMMA sample with untreated wire to accomplish the comparison. The treated wires were investigated using the SEM to see the effects of surface modifications and the treating time. SEM technique showed different morphological trace natures involving small dimensional grooves where their dimensions and concentration besides forming holes increased with increasing treating time. The largest dimensions recorded for the scratched samples were 60μm in length and 40μm in width. The SEM and EDX of the anodizing treatment showed forming metal oxides and pores, and the pores concentration was increased as the anodizing treatment time was increased. The SEM of the coated samples showed a presence of a good roughness in addition to forming zinc oxide. Impact and flexural strength tests were carried out for the PMMA samples that were reinforced with all treated wires. The results showed an improvement in the values of flexural strength that reached 113Mpa for a scratching time of 90min. The maximum flexural strength of the anodized samples was 93Mpa for the anodizing time of 15min using three electrodes anodization process, while the two electrodes anodization process for SS316L wire produced a reinforced PMMA sample of flexural strength of 100MPa for a treating time of 25min. as for samples reinforced with zinc electroplated SS316L wires showed enhancing in flexural strength test reach to 92 MPa. The impact strength of scratching samples showed the best result 42kJ/m2 for a treating time of 120 min. The coating also displayed a good impact strength of 41kJ/m2 for zinc-coated samples with a scratching time of 90 min. Most of the improvement was explained on the base of improving the adhesion between the wire and PMMA by modifying the surface of the wire. In other words, there were optimum values of treating time to give enhancements to the mechanical properties.

Abstract

In this study, the optical band gap of transparent conductive films, fluorine tin oxide (FTO) and indium tin oxide (ITO) as well as an opac silicon wafer (Si) are thoroughly investigated using two different methods; namely, Kubleka-Munk and Kummer. In particular, the utilized conductive films were selected with thickness of 300 nm for FTO and ITO, while an addition of 600 nm thickness was opted for FTO. Additionally, the employed Si wafer was investigated with two types, n-type and ptype. Concurrently, the optical characteristics of the addressed samples was investigated experimentally using ultraviolet–visible light spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, while the structural features were studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. In detail, the XRD analysis revealed the occurrence of diffraction peaks at around 2θ=26.4°,33.6°,37.64°,51.4°,61.48°, and 63.4° which corresponded well to crystal structure of FTO (600 nm) planes (110), (101), (200), (211), (310), and (301), respectively. In the meanwhile, UV-Vis analysis indicated that the transparency of the tested FTO was decreased from 94 to 72 as the thickness increased from 300 to 600 nm. The optical band gap of the utilized FTO was found to be 3.34 eV, while the ITO optical band gap was found to be 4.90 eV. Subsequently, the PL analysis, excited using 250 nm He-Cd laser, revealed FTO with thickness of 300 nm exhibited an optical band gap of 3.34 eV; while ITO substrate demonstrated 4.9 eV optical band gap. As for the optical band gap of p-type and n-type Si, PL spectra elucidated a similar optical band gaps of 1.29 eV. In order to analyze the experimental results of the reflectivity method, the energy gap was calculated using two basic models. It was found that the absorption edge calculated from the reflectivity data at the start of the linear rise in the diffusive reflectance spectrum are consisted with the UV-Vis spectroscopy data obtained from methods 4, 5, and 6. However, the optical band gaps acquired using methods 1, 2, and 7 exhibited lower consistency as compared to those obtained using the reflectivity data.

Abstract

In the current work, un-doped and Cr -doped TiO2 nanorods NRs films was deposited using hydrothermal technique, on Fluorine doped Tin Oxide (FTO) substrate, with different doping ratios of Cr (0.5,1,5)wt%. Titanium botoxid was used as a precursor solution, while, chromium nitrate as a dopant in TiO2 NRs films. XRD for TiO2 NRs at different doping ratios illustrates the polycrystalline TiO2 with rutile and anatase phases. The preferred orientation along [001] for undoped sample converted to [101] direction with increasing doping ratio. In general, the intensity of the diffraction peaks decreases greatly with the increase of doping concentrations. The uniformly distributed nanorod arrays are shown in FE-SEM images from the top view and cross-section. The length of the undoped sample was 161.222 nm and the diameter of the nanorods was 52.811 nm as the doping ratio increased, the nanorods begin to bevel in the vertical direction.With increasing Cr doping ratios, in uv-vis the optical energy gap values decrease with increase Cr doping. Photoluminescence emission spectra. The measurements are carried out by excitation wavelength 270 nm (4.59 eV). Comparing the results shows that the energy band structure of TiO2 nanorods is independent of the excitation intensity. energy gap which very close to value obtained from Uv-Vis measurement, the PL intensity decrease after doping. Reflectance energy gap which very close to value obtained from Uv-Vis measurement D.C Measurements illustrate that samples TiO2 pure have one, activation energies. After doping two activation energies, the conductivity increases, and the activation energies decrease with increasing doping ratio. Prepare homojunction diode n-type TiO2 pure and p-type TiO2 with Cr doping, I-V characteristic prove it.

Abstract

In this research, the effect of adding woven carbon fiber treated with Para-amino benzoic acid (C7H7NO2) and Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and coated by Beta Tri-calcium phosphate )β-TCP ( powder to the conventional poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) has been studied. Two stages involved for the preparation of heat-cured acrylic denture composite, the 1st stage is the chemical treatment and coating of woven carbon fiber surface and the 2nd stage is the reinforcement of denture base material. To increase the surface roughness and improve the bonding among carbon fibers, calcium phosphate powders and the PMMA, the surface of carbon fiber has to be treated with Para-amino benzoic acid (PABA) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) with various molarities: (0.10 M, 015 M, and 0.20 M). An immersion technique was used to coat the carbon fibers with a ceramic material (β-TCP) with various weight fractions (0.08, 0.10, and 0.12) wi to improve the black carbon fiber and strengthen some properties of the denture base. Also, to enhance bonding between fibers, and coating of calcium phosphate powder, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was mixed. Structural tests include (FTIR and FESEM). The resulting functional groups on the surface of carbon fiber before and after acid and alkali treatment were studied by FTIR. The morphology of woven carbon fiber (WCF) surface before and after the acid and alkali treatment, also measuring the diameter of pores on fibers, and showing the adhesion between β-TCP coating and fiber were carried out by FESEM. Mechanical tests include: impact strength (I.S) and flexural strength (F.S) is calculated using a Charpy impact test machine and a three-point bending test, respectively.The results manifested that the composites consist of WCF uncoated and treated with NaOH, the impact strength were higher than those composites consist of WCF uncoated and treated with PABA. Hybrid composites consist of WCF coated and treated with PABA at high concentrations recorded very high raises in impact strength compared with hybrid composites consists of WCF coated and treated with NaOH. Composites consist of WCF uncoated and treated PABA had highest flexural strength than the composites consist of WCF uncoated and treated with NaOH, also the hybrid composites contained WCF coated and treated with PABA recorded high values of flexural strength compared with the composites contained WCF coated and treated by NaOH. Through these results, denture base samples achieving remarkable improvement in some mechanical properties that represented by enhancement in both the impact and flexural strength.

Abstract

In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2) films were prepared on the surface of FTO-glass and p-type Si (100) substrate by screen printing method , after preparing the TiO2 film , Barium titanate (BT) and barium strontium titanate (BST) films have been fabricated by hydrothermal technique on the surface of FTO-glass and p-type Si (100). The structural ,optical ,and electrical properties of the fabricated films were done. XRD displayed that the lattice system of TiO2, BT and BST films is tetragonal. The crystallite D size and strain were calculated by using the Williamson Hall plot of films. The morphology and distribution of the TiO2, BT and BST films were homogenous and in the form of nanorods of 0.91, 1.5 and 1.15 micron height , respectively, through the FE-SEM image. Results of UV-Vis characterization of TiO2, BT and BST film showed that the width of energy gap is respectively 3.4 (eV) , 2.9 (eV) and 3.1 (eV). The dielectric properties of TiO2, BT and BST films has been studied for different frequencies . The studied electrical properties of the prepared films manifested the possibility of using prepared films as a photodiode. The I-V characteristic was conducted in dark and illuminated conditions with a Xenon lamp. (J-V) characteristics were measured under the simulated Air Mass 1 conditions for a BT/Si and BST/Si photodiode. The nonideality factor (m) is 0.98 , 0.93 for The BT/Si and BST/Si film respectively .The BT/Si and BST/Si film begins to become more conductive when the illuminating power density increased, which qualifies the film for photovoltaic applications.

Abstract

In current research, cadmium sulfide doped with different ratio of (Ni, Mn, and Cu) elements was prepare by the hydrothermal method at 150 oC for 2 hours with concentrations from 1,2,3,4 and 5 Wt%. The effect of changing the dopant concentration on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of the produced samples have been study. The physical and chemical property of investigated all the prepared samples using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV-visible spectrophotometer, and Photoluminescence (PL). X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the polycrystalline nature of pure CdS and (Ni, Mn, and Cu)-doped CdS thin films, exhibiting hexagonal wurtzite and cubic structure. Whereas the FE-SEM analysis was confirmed the success of the formation of flake-like for pure CdS and flower-like nanostructures for doped CdS samples structure. The topography was studied by atomic force microscopy. According to the results, the surface roughness increased when increasing the doping concentration. From UV-visible spectrophotometer with wavelengths varied from 300 to 1000 nm, the transmittance spectra were obtained; the films generated had a high transmittance in the visible region. The UV-visible spectra revealed that the energy band gap values decreased when increasing doping concentration. The results of UV-Vis spectroscopy agree with the conclusions of the PL study. Performance of the pure and (Ni, Mn, and Cu)-doped cadmium sulfide thin films was examined for the photocatalytic activity using organic dyes (methyl blue and methyl violet). The samples CdS with doping of (Ni, Mn, and Cu) showed increased photocatalytic activity. Where, the optimal maximum performance for CdS doped with Ni at 0.5% whose rate of degradation was 84.93 for methyl blue and 96.09 for methyl violet. The CdS doped with Mn at 0.4% whose rate of degradation was 84 for methyl blue and 98 for methyl violet. While, the rate of degradation was 89 for methyl blue and 97 for methyl violet for CdS doped with Cu at 0.5 %. The high photocatalytic activities of (Ni, Mn, and Cu) doped cadmium sulfide thin films were attributed to low energy bandgap and high surface area, under different levels of (Ni, Mn, and Cu) doping concertation as 1% to 5 % is step of 1% compared to pure sample.

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are a modern class of solar cells, the aim of this study, it has been fabricated reduce graphene oxide/bismuth oxide (rGO/Bi2O3) nanocomposites to enhance the properties of mesoporous titanium dioxide (mp-TiO2) with improving performance of triple cation PSCs and the ambient air stability of PSCs at room temperature. This nanocomposite was added to the mp-TiO2 electron transport layer (ETL) with different volume ratios. A triple-cation formamidinium (FA)/methylammonium (MA)/Cesium (Cs) perovskite was used to fabricate high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been fabricated with an architecture of FTO/c-TiO2/mp-TiO2/perovskite/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au. The perovskite films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, UV-visible spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The results show that the modified TiO2 has been improved the crystallinity of perovskite and enlarged perovskite grain as well as passivate grain boundaries. These improvements were beneficial for increasing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs from 13.41% to 17.21% also the results show higher value of current density at short circuit point. It has been concluded the enhanced stability of the rGO/Bi2O3 has been achieved modifying PSCs is due to the stabilization of PVK film with larger grain size and higher crystallinity, which shows that the resistance of the modified perovskite layer to composition degradation is higher than that of unmodified films. The perovskite film with optimized 4% rGO/Bi2O3 revealed smoother surface with larger grain size and reduced grain boundaries.

Abstract

This study includes the preparation of iron oxide was coated with gelatin and gum Arabic, nanoparticles (NPs) of magnetic form had been prepared by using co – precipitation chemical method (Sol-gel). In order to reduce their toxicity and increase stability. The structural, optical, Morphology and chemical composition properties of the surface for prepared of coated and non-coated iron oxide NPs had been performed by X- ray diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive x- ray (EDX), Fourier transfer infra-red spectrophotometer (FTIR), Zeta potential, and field emission scanning electron microscopic (FE-SEM). The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the formation of a cubic crystal structure , iron oxide NPs coated with gelatin and iron oxide NPs coated with gum Arabic . It is indicated that the (NPs) was high purity and crystalline nature, also XRD analysis illustrated that both of gelatin and gum Arabic do not affect the crystalline nature and phase of the iron oxide nanoparticles this due to the absence or displacement of the diffraction peaks in the spectrum. Moreover, an increase in the average crystal size calculated by the Scherer’s equation for iron oxide was observed after coated with gelatin and gum Arabic about (8.9, 11.81 and 9.41 nm) respectively. FESEM images of iron oxide revealed the spherical nanoparticles formation in different size and distribution. The average particle size was about (27.8 nm). In the case of the UV-Vis test, the spectrum of Fe3O4 NPs shows continuous absorption 262 nm, While the absorption spectrum of Fe3O4 covered with gum Arabic shows a shift towards the longer wavelengths from 217nm to 249 nm. It was found that the energy gap value of the Fe3O4 NPs coated with gum Arabic and gelatin 2.5 eV, 2.8 eV, and 2.4 eV, respectively. Moreover, biological activity of coated and non-coated iron oxide NPs had been determined.by Removal of pollutant dye High and significant removal of Methylene blue pollutant dye (46 %) was observed with iron oxide NPs, while removal percentage were 34% and 22.6% incubation performed by iron oxide NPs coated with gelatin and gum Arabic within 72 hrs. Furthermore, antibacterial activity of fabricated nanoparticles was measured by well diffusion method against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Iron oxide NPs revealed high and significant inhibition zones of 27.5 and 30 mm, at 1000 μg/ml, against S. aureus and E. coli respectively, while coated iron oxide NPs with either gelatin or gum Arabic revealed low antibacterial activity against both examined bacteria even when used at 1000 μg/ml. On the other hand, the hemolysis activity of fabricated NPs is increase whenever concentrations increased. Hemolysis percentages were 69.76% and 50.98% for iron oxide NPs and iron oxide NPs coated with gum Arabic at concentration of 250 μg/ml, while lowest hemolysis percentage (17.45) was observed with iron oxide NPs coated with gelatin at the same concentration. Finally, cytotoxic activity was estimated against MCF- 7 cell line and normal cell line WRL68 by MTT assay. Significant and viability of MCF- 7 was 65.1% when 400 μg/ml of iron oxide NPs was examined, while the viability of WRL68 was 75.03%. Iron oxide NPs coated with gum Arabic revealed significant and lowest MCF-7 and WRL68 viability of 69.90% and 80.05 %, when applied at 400 μg/ml, iron oxide NPs coated with gelatin and examined at the same concentration show significant and lowest viability of 65.28% and 78.36 % respectively.

Abstract

In this work Porous silicon (PS) has been prepared from n-type Silicon via photo-electrochemical etching (PECE) technique with different etching time 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 min., fixed current density 10 mA/cm2, and fixed HFC 18%. Structural, morphological, chemical, electrical and optical properties of samples have been investigated. Magnesium Oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) have been prepared by the Laser pulse ablation technique via using Nd:YAG laser (Q-switching) of 1064 nm wavelength and 100 pulses of different energies 500, 600, 700,800, and 900mJ). Drop casting method has been adopted to deposit MgO NPs on PS samples. Structural, morphological, chemical, electrical and optical properties of samples have been investigated. The MgO NPs/PS characteristics were investigated via XRD, SEM, AFM, FTIR, the preparation samples offer MgO NPs with a bright spot of MgO NPs inside PS. MgO NPs/PS achieving remarkable improvement in photodetector measurements, that represented by enhancement in both of the responsivity and quantum efficiency. Therefore, MgO NPs/PS can be proposed as a photodetector candidate that operated over broadband spectral of wavelength. Furthermore, PS/n-Si and MgO NPs/PS have been explored as sensor through studying its performance for the humidity detection and temperature detection respectively. The experimental setup of humidity and temperature detection consists of resistance and capacitance that used for registering the response signals with a fixed frequency 10 KHz. MgO NPs/PS shows in average good detection performance.

Abstract

The graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets have been prepared by the electrochemical exfoliation method, which represents a simple and cheap technique. An acidic solution consisting of the following acids (H2SO4 , HCl, CH3COOH , H2O2 , HNO3) with pH = 4 was used for the purpose of peeling graphite rodes and producing few layers GO nanosheets (nanoparticles) and multilayers GO ≈ nanosheets (microparticles). The structural, spectral, and morphological properties of the synthesis GO nanosheets were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, Fourier-transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), Ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis), field emission-scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) techniques. As well as to measure the stability and mobility by Zeta potential. The XRD has been used to calculate the crystalline size and number of layers. Raman spectra of few layers and multilayers GO nanosheets showed three peaks D, G and 2D. The FTIR of few and multilayers GO nanosheets showed the oxygen-containing functional groups. The UV-Vis absorption spectrum of a few layers and multilayers GO nanosheets shows two peaks, belong to the electronic transitions π→π*, and n→π*, respectively. The FE-SEM shows the morphology of few layers GO nanosheets, which refers that the nanomaterial takes the sheet structure. While FE-SEM of multilayers GO nanosheets shows the accumulation of layers in a wavy form. Zeta potential analysis shows good stability of few layers GO nanosheets greater than the multilayers GO nanosheets The cell viability test showed that the few layers GO nanosheets have high killing rates for E. coli bacteria, while the killing rates of multilayers GO nanosheets were low.. The results confirmed that the few layers can be considered as anti-biofilm and anti-bacterial adhesion, while the multilayers did not have that effect. Hemolysis test confirmed that the few layers GO nanosheets were anti-hemolysis in acceptable proportions while the multilayers GO nanosheets cause hemolysis.

Abstract

Poly methyl methacrylate PMMA is the base material utilized in dentistry as denture base. But the material has weak mechanical properties when it is employed alone as it is broken at parts through an accident. So, the improvement of the strength of this material is very important. This study included the preparation of acrylic denture base layered composite by reinforcing the denture base material PMMA coated and uncoated carbon fibers CF (woven or chopped). The coating materials were Aluminum oxide Al2O3 and Tricalcium phosphate TCP powders which were used by dipping technique to get better aesthetic with hide a black carbon fibers color. To improve the contact between carbon fibers and coating material powders, the surface of CF was treated with Para amino benzoic acid C7H7NO2 and poly vinyl alcohol PVA. The mechanical tests through this study included impact strength and flexural strength. Also water absorption for specific samples, toxicity of carbon fibers, Al2O3 and TCP powders were studied. The effect of alkaline on impact strength for control and composite samples was studied. Surface morphology of the coating layer was examined by field emission scanning electron microscope FESEM. Results showed that, samples reinforced with uncoated (woven or chopped) CF had high impact and flexural strength, but still had a bad aesthetic. Samples prepared by coated carbon fibers with Al2O3 or TCP had high impact strength values compared to control sample, while flexural strength value had decreased. Impact and flexural strength values for samples prepared by coated CF with TCP were higher than Al2O3 due to the hardness and high fracture strength of TCP particles. Good aesthetic, impact and flexural strength were increased together in samples when PVA increased and chopped fibers amount decreased. Results also showed that the immersion of samples in NaOH solution had positive effect on impact strength. A separation of serum with coagulants was detected at tube containing carbon fibers immersed in blood. This test gave information about toxic property of carbon fibers. So, carbon fibers were incorporated in PMMA as a layer in the middle of acrylic resin.

Abstract

In this study, we report for the first time the preparation and characterization of silver sulfide (Ag2S) nanoparticles NPs by one-step laser ablation of silver target in thiourea aqueous solution. The effect of laser fluence on the crystal structure, morphology, size and elemental composition of Ag2S NPs was investigated. X-ray diffraction XRD results show the Ag2S nanoparticles are crystalline with monoclinic phase and the laser fluence affects the crystalinity of the synthesised nanoparticles. The optical energy gap decreases from 2.2 to 1.6eV as laser fluence increases from 2.38 to 6.77Jcm-2. Transmission electron microscope TEM investigation confirms the formation of spherical Ag2S nanoparticles and nanosheets morphologies and the particle size is found to increase from 30 to 65nm when the laser fluence increases from 2.38 to 6.77Jcm-2. laser ablation technique was also employed to synthesize monodisperse silver sulfide Ag2S nanoparticles NPs by laser ablation of silver target in the thiourea aqueous solution with cationic cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant. The effect of CTAB surfactant on the structural, morphology, optical and elemental composition of Ag2S NPs was examined using x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The optical properties results show that the optical absorption decreases and the optical energy gap of α-Ag2S increases from 1.5 to 2eV after adding CTAB surfactant to the thiourea solution. X-ray diffraction results reveal that the synthesized Ag2S NPs are polycrystalline with monoclinic structure and the crystallinity quality was improved and preferred orientation along (112) plane was observed after adding CTAB. The optoelectronic properties namely, dark current-voltage, illuminated current-voltage and spectral responsivity of α-Ag2S/p-Si photodetector are studied. The best photodetector was fabricated with laser fluence of 3.9J/cm2 in the presence of CTAB. The maximum responsivity was 1.85A/W at λ=460nm under bias of 3V. The TEM investigation confirms formation of highly monodisperse Ag2S NPs with pure spherical shape after adding CTAB. Finally, laser ablation technique was also employed to synthesis of Ag2S nanotubes (NTs) by laser ablation of silver target in Thiourea (Tu) aqueous solution. The effect of laser fluence on the crystal structure, morphology, size and elemental composition of Ag2S NTs were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the Ag2S NTs are crystalline with monoclinic phase. The optical energy gap of Ag2S NTs is around 1.6 eV at fluence 4.7Jcm-2. Transmission electron microscope TEM investigation reveals the formation of NTs Ag2S morphologies with the diameter of 26-30 nm and lengths of 200-400 nm.

Abstract

In this work, un-doped, Mn and Ni-doped TiO2 nanorods (NRs) arrays films were successfully prepared by hydrothermal method, on (Fluorine doped Tin Oxide) FTO substrate, at different doping ratios of both dopants Mn and Ni (x= 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1). Tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) was used as a precursor solution, while, manganese acetate and nickel chloride as a dopant in TiO2 NRs films. XRD for TiO2 NRs at different doping ratios illustrates the pure rutile phase. The preferred orientation along [001] for pure sample converted to [101] direction with increasing doping ratio. The sharp peaks behavior for (002) are compared with the broadening of other peaks. Lattice constants increases with increasing doping ratio. FESEM images, from top and cross-view, show the uniformly distributed nanorods arrays. The above tips of the nanorods were in spherical shapes. 1950 nm length and 180 nm diameter for the pure sample and nanorods length decreased and their diameters increases with increasing doping ratio. The nanorods start to bevels from its vertical direction after doping with both dopants. The optical energy gap values decreases with increasing doping ratios with the both dopants. D.C Measurements illustrate that all samples have two activation energies. The conductivity increases and the activation energies decreases with increasing doping ratio with both dopants. All samples were n-type due to oxygen vacancies. The charge carrier concentration increases from 3.03×1017 cm-3 to 9.63×1017 cm-3 for 0.1 Mn ratio and to 1.07×1018 cm-3 for Ni doped, while, the carrier mobility decreased with increasing doping ratio. The magnetic property of TiO2 nanorods array films was measured by Vibrating Sample Magnetometer using very low paramagnetic, with no hysteresis of the un-doped sample. This was done with small hysteresis loops in all samples, in addition, to increase the susceptibility with increasing doping ratio.

Abstract

In this work TiO2 nanorod arrays films were prepared on fluorine tin oxide (FTO) substrate using hydrothermal technique, which is fast reaction velocity, simple and inexpensive technique. The growth parameters (reaction time and precursor content) have been considered in this study to specify the optimum condition. Electrical, Structural and optical properties of TiO2 films were investigated and analyzed extensively with different conditions. Structure and surface morphology of TiO2 nanorod array were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy measurements. Preparing TiO2 nanorod array films at different growth time of (3,4and 5) hours at constant precursor content (0.225 mL), also for different precursor content of (0.225, 0.4 and 0.5) mL at constant growth time (5) hours was achieved. X-ray analysis has confirmed the formation of rutile TiO2 nanorod and the nanorods were oriented in the [001] direction with grown axis perpendicular to the FTO substrate. The crystallinty of the film was enhanced when the growth time increased from 3 to 5 hours. The film with different precursor content showed well crystallized. FESEM measurements showed that the shape of the nanorods was tetragonal and the morphology (density, length and diameter) of the nanorods can be adjusted by varying the growth time and precursor content. The optical properties of TiO2 nanorod array were studied such as transmittance, absorption coefficient and energy gap for different growth time and various precursor contents. The optical energy band gap decreased from (3.5 to 3.1) eV with increasing reaction time. The optical energy band gap changed from (3.1 to 3.01) eV with various precursor content. The conductivity increased with increasing reaction time from (3-5) hours and precursor content. Hall measurements indicated that the TiO2 nanorod array is n- type semiconductors for the different parameters. Highly ordered vertically aligned TiO2 nanorod could be obtained at suitable conditions (TiCl4:0.4 mL, 5 hours). Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) made with the optimized nanorod arrays employed as photoanod reached an overall photoelectric conversion efficiency of 2.15%. The effect of multiple growth cycles of TiO2 nanorod array on the DSSC performances was studied.

Abstract

In this work titanium dioxide (TiO2), iron oxide (Fe2O3) and indium oxide (In2O3) nanopowders were prepared by a hydrothermal technique. The TiO2 was mixed separately with Fe2O3, In2O3 and both mixtures were used to prepare three composite nanopowders (TiO2-Fe2O3, TiO2-In2O3 and TiO2-Fe2O3-In2O3) at (1:1, 1:1 and 1:1:1 mole) respectively (the optimum conditions at 400˚C (annealing temperatures, concentration) were determined. The nanopowders were investigated and analyzed at different parameters). Structure and surface morphology of powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FESEM) and FT-IR and UV-Visible measurements. Optimum condition of XRD for TiO2 powders annealed at (200, 400, 600 and 800◦C) for 120 min showed the formation of a tetragonal phase of powders with high intensity of plane (110). The lattice constants (a) and (c) increase with the increase of annealing temperature. The results of atomic force microscopy indicated an increase in grain size of TiO2 with increasing of annealing temperatures from 69.40 to 92.87 nm. The grain size decreased with addition of Fe2O3 or In2O3 to the TiO2 to reach 58.23nm and 75.59 nm respectively. The optical properties (absorption) of TiO2 nanopowders and its composites, its show that the degree of absorbance decreased with the addition of both metallic oxides (Fe2O3 and In2O3). The energy gap decreased with the increase of annealing temperature and increase in crystalline size according to quantum conferment. According to theoretical study by Gaussian program, there is an increase in both of bonding lengths and angles (TiO2 molecule) from 1.7100 Ǻ to average value 1.7193 Ǻ, 1.7456 Ǻ or 1.8245 when Fe2O3 was added, In2O3 or both of them respectively. The results of antibacterial activity for TiO2 and its composites with two types of bacteria Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aurous), showed an increase in activity with increase concentration of TiO2 and annealing temperature. It was observed that the composites were more effective in inhibiting a range of bacterial growth.

Abstract

In this project, Polyaniline (PANI) was prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline monomers as emeraldine salt form. The Cadmium sulfide (CdS) powder was prepared by using sol–gel method. Polyaniline-CdS nanocomposites have been prepared via same method of polyaniline preparation and different weight percentages of CdS (10-50 wt%) were added. Structural, optical, electrical properties and their applications of PANI, CdS nanoparticles and PANI-CdS nanocomposites were investigated. X-ray diffraction showed that the peaks of emeraldine salt polyaniline powder were located at 2θ = 21.5o , 25.7o and 28.1o which indicated polycrystalline polyaniline and the peaks of CdS powder were located at 2θ = 26.69, which indicated CdS coincides with hexagonal structure, 2θ = 47.47 which refered to CdS with hexagonal and cubic structures. The XRD pattern of PANI-CdS (10-50 wt %) composites exhibited the peaks of PANI and CdS together that’s indicated to interconnection between them. From UV-VIS measurements the optical band gap was decreased from 3.95 eV for 10 wt% to 3.65 eV for 50 wt% with increasing of CdS content. The SEM and AFM investigations showed that there was a uniform distribution for CdS nanoparticles in the PANI matrix. From the electrical study, the obtained resistivity of p-type PANI and n-type CdS films were found to be 0.02×10-2 and 5×106 Ω.cm respectively and this study exhibited the effect of crystallite size and high resistivity of CdS on the resistivity of nanocomposits. Emeraldine salt PANI, CdS and PANI-CdS nanocomposites were investigated as gas sensors. From this investigation, the sensitivity of PANI-CdS nanocomposits for NO2 gas increased with the increasing of operation temperature and the optimum sensitivity was obtained at 200oC. The sensitivity at best temperature (200oC) was increased from 240% for 10 wt% to 847% for 50 wt% with the increasing of CdS contents and the response time was decreased from 16 s for 10 wt% to 11 s for 50 wt%, these results refered to that the PANI-CdS nanocomposites have excellent sensors for NO2 gas as compared with pure PANI and pure CdS.

Abstract

This work involves a comparative spectral study for K2CrO4 and K2Cr2O7 using UV-Visible spectroscopy at different parameters such; K2CrO4 or K2Cr2O7 with H2O (different molarities), K2CrO4 or K2Cr2O7 with H2O and HCl (different pH values by increasing acidic solution), K2CrO4 or K2Cr2O7 with H2O and NaOH (different pH value by increasing alkaline solution). The amount of HCl dilute solution has been calculated that was added to change K2CrO4 to K2Cr2O7 and that observed by UV-Visible spectroscopy and pH-meter to get the absorption spectrum and pH values of K2Cr2O7 solution. The vibration modes (stretching or bending) of K2CrO4 and K2Cr2O7 powders have been studied by using FTIR spectroscopy. In this work also, a structure and surface morphology of K2CrO4 and K2Cr2O7 by XRD and AFM have been studied .

Abstract

In this project In2O3, ITO/ Si gas sensor were fabricated by an efficient and size – controlled. Many parameters have been study to proved the optimum conditions,(annealing temperatures, and doping concentration). Structural, optical and electrical properties of In2O3 thin films were investigated and analyzed extensively under different conditions. Structure and surface morphology of In2O3 thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction. Atomic Force Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopy measurements. Annealing was in air at different temperatures of (300,400,500) ̊ C and at constant time (60 min); the XRD technique that showed these films is polycrystalline structure with a preferred orientation of (222),( 440),(400) the best orientation plain is (222). These been found crystalline size increases with increasing annealing temperature and decrease with increasing doping concentration. The optical properties of In2O3, ITO thin films were studied such as transmissions, extinction coefficient, absorption coefficient and optical energy gap .The transmittance was measured in the wavelength range from(300nm to 900 nm) for all the films was highly transparent (greater than 85%). The optical energy band gap was increased with the annealing temperature in range from (3 to 4.9) eV, and increase with doping concentration in range from (3.9 to 4.15) eV. The electrical properties for In2O3 ,ITO thin films include D.C electrical conductivity and Hall effect which shows that the type of films is (n- type), and the film has two activation energies for pure and doped films in the rang (305-355)K, the resistivity decreases with increased annealing temperature. And resistivity increase with doping concentration at 8wt%. The sensitivity toward NH3, NO2 gas has been measured.In2O3 doped with (Sn) has higher sensitivity than that of pure for NH3, The sensitivity toward, NO2 gas has been measured, where In2O3 doped with (Sn) has higher sensitivity to NO2than to NH3.

Abstract

In this work preparation, and characterization of Silver and Tellurium nanoparticles were they synthesized by pulsed (Q-switched, 1064 or 532 nm doubled frequency-Nd: YAG) laser ablation of silver and Tellurium dioxide which cut into 10 mm x10 mm , cleaned and then immersed in double distilled and deionized water as a depth of 8mm, without any chemical additives. Different techniques such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) were used to study the structural and morphological properties of Ag and TeO2 nanoparticles. The effect of laser parameters such as laser energy, number of pulses and wavelength on the properties of nanoparticles were studied. It has been observed that laser energy, wavelength and number of laser pulses have a control over the size of the nanoparticles. The increasing of laser energy and number of pulses shows a clear blue shift in the absorption peak of fabricated nanoparticles indicating that the average size of the particles decreases with increasing of laser energy and number of pulses. Ablation for a longer period reduces the average size of nanoparticles which is attributed to the re-ablation of fabricated nanoparticles. The concentration of ablated Ag and TeO2 NPs with different numbers of laser pulses was obtained via Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS); however it was found that the concentration of NPs increases linearly when the number of laser pulses increases. The average particle size was measured by scanning electron microscope and it was found to be between 166 nm to 151.8 nm for Ag NPs and 38 nm to 42 nm for TeO2 NPs. The relation between the ablation efficiency and wavelength varies with laser fluence and it can be noticed that the ablation efficiency at 532 nm has higher value at low fluence, while the ablation efficiency at 1064 nm has higher value at high fluence. These findings will be discussed in terms of the self-absorptions of the incident laser light by colloidal particles. The morphology of nanoparticles was studied as a function of laser wavelength and it's found that the average roughness varies with laser wavelength. Also the antibacterial effect of synthesized silver and TeO2 NPs was studied against four pathogens namely S. mutnas, S. aureus, P. mirabilis and E. cloacae. The activities of nanoparticles against the different bacteria were compared with the activities of four antibiotics such as amoxicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol and penicillin. It was found that the inhibition zone of bacteria by TeO2 nanoparticles has comparable results with antibiotics while Ag nanoparticles do not show such activity.

Abstract

Intense pulsed light, commonly abbreviated as IPL, is a technology used by cosmetic institutions and medical practitioners to perform various skin treatments. The technology utilizes Xe flash lamps to produce intense pulses of polychromatic and incoherent light, and to deliver them directly to target skin chromophores. The modifiability of several parameters; such as, wavelength, fluence, pulse duration, and pulse delay is of a great advantage for IPLs. In this study, the theory of the Xe flash lamp system was analyzed in order to design a flash lamp system. In addition, some experimental trials on different pulse durations and energies were carried out. Also, various flash lamp driving circuits were built up and tested on various Xe flash lamps. This was achieved by constructing a single and multiple-mesh pulse forming networks; using different types and values of inductance and capacitance circuits. The current discharge profile through the Xe flash lamp was measured by either an AT-C403 current probe or inserting a 70 mΩ resistor in series with the lamp. The output of the flash light was detected by using a reversed biased Si-photodiode. All optical and electrical measurements were recorded and stored on a digital storage oscilloscope. The results obtained showed a light pulse profile follows the exciting current pulse, meaning that the light pulse length is usually equal or slightly shorter than the current pulse duration. Any increase in the current pulse duration has led to an increasing of the pulsed light linearly.

Abstract

This study includes two steps for the preparation of acrylic denture base composite. The first step is carbon fibers coating and the second step is the reinforcement of denture base material. Sol-gel technique has been used to coat carbon fibers with calcium phosphate to improve the esthetic of black carbon fibers as it's biocompatible. To improve bonding between carbon fibers and prepared calcium phosphate powders, the surface of carbon fibers has been treated with para-aminobenzoic acid. The mechanical tests in this study include: (impact strength, flexural strength and surface hardness). According to the results obtained in this study, the mechanical properties of denture base resin have been considerably enhanced by reinforcement with uncoated and coated carbon fibers. The structural tests include: (SEM, XRD, AFM and FTIR). The morphology of the coating layers has been examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The crystallized phase composition of coatings has been identified by x-ray diffractometry (XRD). The grain size of dried and heat treated calcium phosphate coat has been estimated by atomic force microscope (AFM) and fourier transform ــ infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis which support and verify the x-ray diffraction findings.

Abstract

During this research two types of supercapacitors (SC) were fabricated, tested and analyzed. The main objective was to use as possible as environmentally friendly, clean and natural materials for the SC electrodes, electrolytes and separators. The first type was a (7.5×2.5 cm2) tablet SC consisted of a multi-layer graphene (MLG); as the electrode material, prepared by mixing graphene powder with water/acetone mixture, then the solution deposited on metal foils (aluminum and copper) by chemical spray technique with two different thicknesses. The electrolytes were used is (lemon juice, table salt dissolved in water, and distilled water). The separators were commercial materials; PTFE polymer and cellulose based parchment paper (PP), as these separators are commercial; their dielectric constant has been calculated. The assembled SC were tested and measured their capacitance by LCR meter, the voltage across their electrodes were measured by digital multi-meter, the structural properties were tested by X-ray diffraction (XRD) for the MLG deposited on Al and Cu foils. As from the results, the highest measured capacitance was found to be (235.1 μF) for the (1.5 ????m) MLG deposited on Cu foil with the water and salt electrolyte and PP separator. Almost all the assembled SC had a good voltage readings (without charging it) despite its small dimensions. The XRD spectra showed that the structure of the MLG films deposited on Cu and Al is crystalline with orientation in the (002) direction.The second type of the fabricated SC; is a cell SC, Three types of plastic cases were used. In this type of design the electrode and electrolyte materials were mixed together and a solution formed. The electrode material was a graphene powder of different weights mixed with different volumes of electrolytes (which were: lemon juice, apple vinegar, H2SO4 and HNO3), and the separators used were PTFE and PP. Charging circuit was set, the cell SC charged with different charging rates and the voltage window was determined for each cell with different electrode/electrolyte/separator combination. Three of the fabricated cell SC were discharged through 0.5V LED light. The discharging rates were regular and the best was (1.22 volts discharged in 26 minutes). The capacitance, maximum energy and maximum power of the discharged SC were calculated. The mixed solutions were tested by XRD, its spectra showed high crystallinity for the graphene with two distinct peaks at (002) and (004) directions. The surface microscopy done by scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Abstract

In this work, colloidal SnO2 nanoparticles were prepared by using laser ablation of tin target immersed in different solvents (double deionized water, methanol and ethanol) without the use of any chemical/surfactant. This method is a promising technique for the fabrication of various nanomaterials and simply controlling the experimental parameters. The effects of solvents, laser fluence and number of pulses on the morphology, chemical, optical and electrical properties, of the synthesized nanoparticles were studied. X-ray diffraction shows that the structure of SnO2 NPs film is polycrystalline with preferential orientation in the (101) direction. Morphological properties were observed by TEM for particle size and shape. The SnO2 particles had an almost irregular shape with a mean diameter in water between 12 to 20 nm. Other solvents showed much larger particles with almost spherical shape. Particle size of SnO2 NPs observed by AFM images as a film deposited on glass slides, showed good agreement with the TEM results. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum showed a band in the range of 600–700 cm-1, assigned to Sn–O antisymmetric vibrations. The UV–Visible absorption spectra refer to sharp absorptions in the ultraviolet (UV) region. An increase in absorption peaks with the reduction in particles size was noted. The behavior of the UV–Visible spectra associated with the SnO2 nanoparticles was studied as a function of laser fluence, number of pulses and solvents. The optical band gap of SnO2 nanoparticles suspensions was between 4.14 to 4.32 eV in water solution, 4.12 to 4.26 eV in methanol solution and 4 to 4.13 eV in ethanol solution as when using different laser fluence and different number laser pulses. Hall Effect measurement of the SnO2 NPs suspensions prepared in different solvents showed them as n-type. Hall coefficient sign has not been changed with solvent type when preparing of the SnO2 NPs indicating electrons charge carriers. The electrical properties of the structure Al/SnO2 NPs/PS/c-Si/Al showed large increase in resistivity, more than the structure Al/SnO2 NPs/c-Si/Al because of the increase in depletion region width.

Abstract

In this project ZnO NPs / Si solar cells were fabricated by an efficient and size –controlled three-step method which consists of : (1) oxidation of metallic zinc (Zn) in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solution ,(2)spraying of the solution formed in step 1 onto substrates to form precursor films , and (3) oxidation of the precursor films in the air to form ZnO NPs films at different temperatures (100-500)0C . The structure of the nanoparticles films was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) which indicates that ZnO NPs are in wurzite structure along (100) plane with particle size in the rang of(16.06-28.28)nm. The morphology of the nanoparticles films was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) which indicates that the average grain size of ZnO NPs is in range of (63.77-95.86)nm and the surface roughness increases as oxidation temperatures increase . The photoluminescence (PL) properties showed three peaks at ultraviolet , violet and green emission regions with shifting at ultraviolet emission region to longer wavelength . The band gap is found to be within the range of (3.85-3.96)eV . The ZnO NPs has n-type conductivity and the mobility was in the range of (5-22) cm2.V-1 .s-1. The electrical properties C-V and I-V of n-ZnO NPs /Si indicate that ZnO NPs /Si is abrupt heterojunction type . The saturation current decreases as oxidation temperatures increase . It was found that ZnO NPs/Si solar cells have maximum efficiency of 6.796% and VOC=0.379 V, JSC=25 mA/cm2 ,Jm =20 mA/cm2 ,Vm =0.340 V and FF=0.725 .The spectral response of ZnO NPs /Si solar cells showed three response regions and the maximum value was at 0.621mA/W at λ= 800 nm .

Abstract

Laser shock processing (LSP) was performed on brass and 2024-T3 Al alloys specimens to reveal its effect on microstructure and mechanical properties. LSP experimental array is as follows, A convergent lens is used to deliver 0.5-1J/pulse (1064 nm) and in a 10 ns laser pulse produced by Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with spots of a 0.5-2 mm in diameter moving forward along the workpiece at pulse density of 500 pulses/cm2. Water is used as the transparent confining layer and the non-prate black paint with a thickness of 20±2 µm is used as an absorbing layer. First, the effects of the LSP parameters as laser spot size, laser pulse energy and thickness of water layer on the surface micro-hardness and roughness were investigated. The experimental results show that, the surface roughness increases and the high micro-hardness would be generated near the surface due to LSP. The spot size decrease caused increase in surface roughness and micro-hardness due to increase in laser shock pressure. The surface roughness and micro-hardness increase with laser pulse energy increase. The optimum thickness of water layer was 3mm. Second, at the optimum values of 1mm spot size, 1J pulse energy and 3 mm water layer thickness, LSP effective parameters, microstructure and mechanical properties were evaluated. Microstructure and mechanical test include surface morphology by SEM, grain analysis by AFM, micro-hardness depth distribution, wear resistance, fatigue resistance and corrosion resistance. Results show that LSP impact has some thermal effects at the metal surface, it can refine grains and induce compressive residual stresses at depth of 0.8 mm. LSP impact can improve the wear resistance of brass and 2024-T3 Al, where the wear rate is reduced by 79% for brass and 67% for 2024-T3 Al compared with the untreated LSP specimens due to work hardening and compressive residual stress of LSP impact.. The results demonstrate that the LSP can improve fatigue resistance for brass and 2024-T3 Al alloys. By comparing with the untreated specimens, the fatigue lives of the specimens after LSP were obviously increased by 64% for brass and 73% for 2024-T3 Al at lower stress level due to the compressive residual stresses near the surface. Effects of LSP on electrochemical corrosion resistance of brass and 2024-T3 Al in 3.5 wt.% NaCl were investigated. Results show that the corrosion resistance with LSP impact is improved. The polarization resistance of brass and 2024-T3 Al is increased by more than five times compared with untreated LSP samples.

Abstract

Consolidation casting method has been successfully used to produce porous ceramics at low producing cost. In this work, porous calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics have been produced by using natural additives (ovalbumin and albumin) proteins and (corn and rice) starches with (0, 5, 10, and 20) wt%. The mixture of proteins and calcium phosphate powder were dried at 60oC for 12 hours, while the mixture of starches and calcium phosphate powder were dried at 80oC for 2 hours. These samples were sintered at different temperatures (1100, 1200, 1300, and 1400oC). Many mechanical and physical tests were used to determine the properties of the prepared ceramic material which involved the linear shrinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity, compressive strength, scanning electron microscope SEM, and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the types of additive affect the physical and mechanical properties of the ceramic produced. The water absorption and apparent porosity have been found to decrease with increasing sintering temperature, but the linear shrinkage and compressive strength has been found to increase with increasing sintering temperature of calcium phosphate mixture. Moreover, the increasing in compressive strength revealed an increasing in the evaluated properties. The linear shrinkage, apparent porosity, and water absorption showed an increase with increasing binder's content of calcium phosphate mixture for all binders, except for the ovalbumin has been decreased with increasing binder's content.

Abstract

Practically all material changing into nano as long as their grain radius become smaller than Bohr radius. InAs semiconductor having the second large Bohr radius and having also a small band gap which makes us choosing as a material for our study. To deposited nanoInAs spray pyrolysis was adopted since it is cheap and gives the possibility of controlling thin films characteristics. In this work a three principle parameters was studied, the first is spraying time, the second was the substrate temperature and the third was the solution morality in order to determine the best deposition conditions which could be used in making hetrojunction Measurement emerged that the crystal structure of thin films change significantly with change spray parameter on the optical and electric properties ,where describes the X-Ray schemes that all films were multiple crystal and levels of crystalline most frequent and highest intensity levels were(111) and (200) at the diffraction (25.442)°and (29.442)° respectively In addition to this was the expense of some structural characteristics such as grain size, strain, micro strain and the lattice constant. Thickness increased linearly with increasing temperature, while decreasing thickness at temperature higher than 300 C°,as well as thickness increased linear with increasing spray time. Analysis of transmittance and absorbance spectrum, using UV-VIS spectroscope at range(200-1100)nm was to increase thin films impact on those properties where there is no permeability spectral the region of at least 300nm, and then show a sharp increase in permeability and stabilizes after 400nm at temperature 250C° and 270C° and at higher temperature less permeability. Repeated the same results at different times of spraying. As the spectral absorbance it show quantitavely exclusively of energy gap at 300nm wavelength. And repeated the same energies at different spray time. Energy gap was greater than the value in mass situation and decreases with the spray time and temperature of substrate An addition, the increase in temperature deposition led to increased electrical conductivity, as to the results of the adoption of connectivity on the spray time also found that the conductivity increases with spray time.

Abstract

In this work TiO2 thin films were prepared by using spray pyrolysis technique ,which is a simple and inexpensive technique suitable for large deposition area. Many parameters have been considered in this study to specify the optimum condition ,namely (annealing temperatures , annealing time and doping). Structural,optical and electrical properties of TiO2 thin films were investigated and analyzed extensively with different conditions. Structure and surface morphology of TiO2 thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction ,Atomic Force Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopy measurements. Annealing in air at different temperatures of (450,500,550 and 600) ̊ C at constant time (90 min),also for different time of (60,90 and 120) min at constant temperature (550̊ C) was achieved. X-ray analysis has confirmed the formation of anatase phase with slight increases in crystaline size ,with increasing annealing temperature and annealing time . Effect of doping with chromium on structure and surface morphology, optical and electrical properties was studied.The X-ray diffraction indicates that all the grown films show the anatase phase with decrease in crystaline size with increasing of doping concentration. As a result, it has been found that films structure and properties strongly depend on doping concentration . The optical properties of TiO2 thin films were studied such as transmittance, extinction coefficient, absorption coefficient and energy gap for different parameters (annealing temperatures , annealing time anddoping).The transmittance was measured in the wavelength range from(300nm to 1100 nm) for all the films. The optical energy band gap was increased with the annealing temperature and time in range of (3.1 to 3.5) eV,while decreas in optical energy gap with increase in doping concentration in range of (3.5 to 3.2) ev. The resistivity decreases with increasing annealing temperature , annealing time and doping concentration. Hall measurements indicate that the TiO2 thin films of n- type semiconductors for different parameters. The sensitivity toword NH3 gas has been measured ,whereTiO2 doped with (Cr) has a sensitivity higher than pure.

Abstract

In this work nano PbS films were prepared using chemical bath deposition technique, which is a simple, inexpensive and suitable technique for large deposition area. Lead acetate salt was used as a source of lead ions and thiourea as a source of sulfide ions. During deposition several growth parameters have been considered in this work to specify the optimum conditions, namely (deposition time, temperature of path solution, pH value, lead ion concentration and thiourea ion concentration).The structure, optical and electrical properties of nano PbS films were investigated and analyzed extensively for a variety of growth conditions. The structural characteristic of the films prepared on a glass substrates have studied using X-ray diffraction, results shows that all the films were polycrystalline cubic structure for all deposited films under different growth conditions. The electrical properties of these films were studied. The d.c conductivity for the deposited films increases from 4.1*10-6 to1.5*10-5(.cm)-1 with thickness increases. From study of the electrical conductivity with temperature the films shows two activation energies Ea1 and Ea2 which are decrease from 0.567 to 0.351 eV and from 0.302 to 0.119 eV with thickness increases. Hall measurements showed that all the films are p-type and carrier concentration increase from (4.4 3 * 1015 to 2.5* 1016) cm-3 with thickness increase. Also we observed that the mobility were decreases with increasing of thickness. Optical measurements (transmission and absorption) were carried out. Transmittance decreased with increasing the deposition time, temperature of solution and pH value, while the transmittance increased with increasing lead ion concentration.The direct optical energy band gap range was between (1.68 -2.4) eV. Nano crystalline PbS was deposited on the n- type silicon to study and characterize the heterojunction. The I-V characteristics of the PbS/n-Si heterojunction have been studied,where the current-voltage characterization under dark conditions shows that forward bias current variation exponentially with voltage bias. Under illumination, the photocurrent density decreases with increase of deposition time. The reverse bias capacitance for PbS/n –Si heterojunciton was measured as a function of bias voltage at the frequency 200 KHz, and it is indicated that these heterojunction are abrupted. The capacitance decreases with increasing the reverse bias voltage. High spectral responsivity of 0.44 A/W, quantum efficiency 80% , and specific detectivity 1.98 * 1011 cm Hz1/2 W-1 where obtained. Also the shape of the spectrum of nano PbS/n -Si is extended into the blue region, due to widening of the window band gap.

Abstract

In this work the preparation of NiFeAlO4 nano ferrites samples, were synthesized by using sol-gel auto combustion method at temperature about 200°C. Then pelletized and sintered at different temperatures (900, 1000, 1100 and 1200°C). The formation of inverse spinel structure and inherent properties of high electrical resistivity, dielectric losses and high density material. The present work focused on studying the structural and electrical properties of NiFe2-xAlxO4 , where (x=0, 0.2 ,0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.4) using many analysis’s like x-ray diffraction ,LCR meter, FTIR and AFM. The results show that the chemical composition has a major effect on electrical, structural, and physical properties. Crystalline ferrite nano- powders and grains were synthesized with (19-22.6 nm) nano-sized particles, and (34-52 nm) nano-sized sintered grains. The phase analysis done by x-ray diffraction method confirmed the formation of the expected ferrites structure, where lattice parameter and crystallite size were increased but the x-ray density was decreased when increasing the Al content in NiAl ferrites. Resistivity of all samples have been measured at temperatures in the range of (300-540)K and found to decrease with the increasing of temperature this behavior is the same as in semiconductor, and resistivity and temperature diagram was used to calculate the activation energy. The FTIR spectra of NiFeAlO4 were charted in the range of 500 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1 FTIR Spectrum of different compositions in the series. However a shift in the peak positions and intensity was observed. Either in the examination of AFM noted that the grain size and roughness were increased with oxidation temperature. The dielectric properties were measured using (LCR) meter in the frequency range of (100 KHz – 6 MHz). Dielectric constant (εr'), the loss tangent (tanδ) and the loss factor (εr′′) were calculated from capacitance data. The dielectric parameters decreased with the increase of the frequency. This behavior is typical of ferrite materials as explained by Koop’s model. The result also showed that the Conductivity and dielectric loss increased with the increase of the Al content for NiAl ferrite, while conductivity and dielectric constant decreased with the increase of the amount of Fe ion for NiAlFe -ferrite. The resistivity of samples were found to increase the amount of Fe batter than the models of sintered samples.

Abstract

In this work, a series of Cd1-xZnxS 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.7 ternary thin films were prepared on glass substrates using chemical bath deposition (CBD ) method. An attempt was made to modify the band gap of CdS (2.4 eV) by preparing a mixed lattice with a high band gap material, ZnS (3.7 eV), giving a new set of materials. Cadmium sulphate, Zinc sulphate, and thiourea are used as the basic source materials in the deposition bath. Many growth parameters have been considered in this study to specify the optimum condition, namely (temperature of solution, pH, and deposition time) for properties Cd0.5Zn0.5S thin film. Structural, optical and electrical properties of Cd1-xZnxS thin films are investigated and analyzed extensively with respect to growth conditions. The Cd1-xZnxS films are annealed in air at temperatures (300) ºC at constant time of ( 60 min). Structure and surface morphology of Cd1-xZnxS thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force microscope (AFM), Optical Microscopic, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Measurements. The XRD indicates that all the grown films show only one diffraction peak located at (2θ= 26.7°) with hexagonal structure in predominant (002). The average grain size changes from (9.3nm to 4.48nm) with the increase in Zn- content (x = 0 to 0.65). It was found that as the Zn- content increases, the peak intensity decreases and for (x ≥ 0.7) the films have amorphous character. The values of lattice constant ‘a’ and ‘ c’ have been observed to vary with composition from (5.75 nm to 4.68 nm) and (6.66 nm to 6.62 nm), respectively, with the increase in Zn- content ( x = 0 - 0.65) . The AFM studies showed that the smooth surface texture was observed in the deposited Cd1-xZnxS films with (x= 0.3) , the surface roughness of the Cd1-xZnxS thin films is about ( 2.66nm to 9.47nm) and the root mean square (RMS) is about ( 3.41nm to 11.9nm) with increase in Zn- content (x = 0.3 to 0.6) .The optical microscopic measurement observes that films surface become increasingly coarse at increasing the Zn- concentration. The SEM exhibits that grains in the film are distributed to cover the surface of the substrate completely, the grains become small in diameters with increasing Zn-contents. The optical properties of Cd1-xZnxS thin films were studied by the transmittance, absorption coefficient and energy gap for deposition conditions (80ºC temperature pH= 10 and time 3h). The transmittance is measured in the range from ( 300 nm to 900 nm) for all the films, in the visible wavelength region, the average transmittance greater than (80 %) at Zn-content (x = 0 to 0.7). The Cd1-xZnxS thin films have high optical absorption coefficients where the value reaches at (1.2×105 cm-1). The energy band gap ( Eg) values of Cd1-xZnxS thin films are ( 2.4 eV to 3.4 eV) corresponding to the Zn-content ( x = 0 to 0.7) respectively. In other word, the optical band gap of Cd1-xZnxS thin films become wider as Zn-content increases. All the Cd1-xZnxS films show that the resistivity varied in the range ( 0.45× 103 Ω.cm to 5.9× 103 Ω.cm) corresponding to the Zn-content (x = 0 to 0.7), respectively. Also the activation energies Ea1 (0.124 eV to 0.833 eV) and Ea2 (0.063 eV to 0.277 eV) varied with the increasing Zn-content (x) in the films (x = 0 to 0.7). Hall measurements indicate that the Cd1-xZnxS thin films have same conduction type (n-type) conductivity. The carrier concentration and mobility values for Cd1-xZnxS thin films vary with zinc content , furthermore their values are (5.201× 10¹² cm-3- 1.263× 1012cm-3) and (140.5 5 cm2V-1S-1 - 22.435 cm2V-1S-1 ) respectively.

Abstract

In this project, porous silicon preparing by electrochemical etching (ECE) technique using different parameters such as silicon orientation ((100) & (111)), etching time (5, 10, 20 & 35 min), current density (10, 20, 30 & 40 mA/cm2) and HF concentration (15%, 20% & 30%). And next step of project was deposition of ZnO thin film on glass by spray pyrolysis technique from Zinc nitrite and study the effect of changing thickness of ZnO film (100, 200, 500 & 800 nm). And the final step of project consist deposition ZnO film on PS. The measurement refer with nano- structure (mesoporous silicon), the PS (100) gives the characteristics of nanoscale better than directional silicon (111) due to the crystal structure and the different in interaction between the HF electroyied and silicon. And The measurements of ZnO refer n-type semiconductor with hexagonal structure (polycrystalline structure) and this structure helps to emit several wavelengths from ZnO, also the decreasing of ZnO thickness leads to increasing in energy gap due to decreasing in grain size . And when when ZnO was deposited on PS the properties of both ZnO and PS will improved, where the structure properties showed the deceasing in crystal size with good adhesion between ZnO and PS. Morphology showing crystalline regularity and growth of ZnO film and improving of structural stability of the PS substrate. Optical measurement (PL & R%) shows increasing in absorption of light with increasing in blue shift of PS and increasing in UV emission of ZnO film, Raman measurement show quantum confinement in PS layers with decreasing in variation mode of ZnO film, and the electrical properties of ZnO/PS show large increasing in resistivity come from increasing in depletion layer of the sponge structure of Al/ZnO/PS/c-Si/Al .

Abstract

The present work concerned the study of pulsed plasma generation by a 6 ns Nd: YAG pulsed laser at 1064 nm wavelength with a maximum pulse energy of 500 mJ focused rough on Al and Fe solid target samples in air at atmospheric pressure and vacuum. The emitted spectrum from the plasma plume was in the range of [300–750] nm and was recorded using a monochromator and Silicon Photo Detector (PD). Measurements of electron temperature and electron density of the produced plasma at different laser energies and at different vacuum pressures are described using different emission spectral lines. Plasma diagnostics are based on optical emission spectroscopy and Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) assumption. Excitation temperature of plasma is determined from the Boltzmann plot. Temperature of Al plasma at atmospheric pressure was 1eV (11600 Kº) and at vacuum pressure was 1.22 eV (14144.9 Kº). Temperature of Fe plasma at atmospheric pressure was 1.466 eV (16997.1 Kº) and at vacuum pressure was 1.711 eV (19837.6 Kº). The electron density was determined from the FWHM of the Stark broadening. The electron density for Al plasma at atmospheric pressure was 7.0×1018 cm−3 and at vacuum pressure was 7.5×1018 cm−3. The results of the electron density for Fe plasma at atmospheric pressure was 8.2×1018 cm−3 and at vacuum pressure was 9.0×1018 cm−3. Also the results show a maximum value of electron density at delay time of 5.5µs after laser pulse. Also the results show intensity thresholds for Al plasma, and the saturation at laser energy of 420 mJ. Also the results show intensity thresholds for Fe plasma and the saturation at laser energy 500 mJ.

Abstract

Practically all material changing into nano as long as their grain radius become smaller than Bohr radius. InAs semiconductor having the second large Bohr radius and having also a small band gap which makes us choosing as a material for our study. To deposited nanoInAs spray pyrolysis was adopted since it is cheap and gives the possibility of controlling thin films characteristics. In this work a three principle parameters was studied, the first is spraying time, the second was the substrate temperature and the third was the solution morality in order to determine the best deposition conditions which could be used in making hetrojunction Measurement emerged that the crystal structure of thin films change significantly with change spray parameter on the optical and electric properties ,where describes the X-Ray schemes that all films were multiple crystal and levels of crystalline most frequent and highest intensity levels were(111) and (200) at the diffraction (25.442)°and (29.442)° respectively In addition to this was the expense of some structural characteristics such as grain size, strain, micro strain and the lattice constant. Thickness increased linearly with increasing temperature, while decreasing thickness at temperature higher than 300 C°,as well as thickness increased linear with increasing spray time. Analysis of transmittance and absorbance spectrum, using UV-VIS spectroscope at range(200-1100)nm was to increase thin films impact on those properties where there is no permeability spectral the region of at least 300nm, and then show a sharp increase in permeability and stabilizes after 400nm at temperature 250C° and 270C° and at higher temperature less permeability. Repeated the same results at different times of spraying. As the spectral absorbance it show quantitavely exclusively of energy gap at 300nm wavelength. And repeated the same energies at different spray time. Energy gap was greater than the value in mass situation and decreases with the spray time and temperature of substrate An addition, the increase in temperature deposition led to increased electrical conductivity, as to the results of the adoption of connectivity on the spray time also found that the conductivity increases with spray time.

Abstract

In this work preparation NiZn and NiZnMg nano ferrites samples , using sol-gel auto combustion method at temperature about 2000C, then pelletized and sintered at different temperatures (1273, 1373 and 14730k).They have showed spinel structure and inherent ‎properties of high electrical resistivity, low electrical losses and high ‎density material. Therefore, these ferrites have a potential candidate for high frequency applications The present work is study the electrical and structural ‎properties of Ni1-xZnxFe2O4 and Ni0.7-yZn0.3MgyFe2O4, where (x=0, 0.1, ‎‎0.2, 0.3) and (y=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) respectively, and shows effect of chemical composition ‎on electrical, structural, and physical properties. Crystalline ferrite nano- powders and grains were successfully synthesized and the ‎process has resulted in the formation of (19-22.6 nm) nano-sized particles, and (34-52 nm) nano-sized sintered grains. Chemical phase analysis carried out by x-ray diffraction method ‎confirms the formation of the expected ferrites structure, where lattice parameter and crystallite size increase but the x-ray density and porosity ‎decreased when increasing the Zn content in NiZn ferrites. Also the same behavior takes place when Mg content increases in NiZnMg-ferrites. Resistivity of all samples have been measured at temperatures in The range of ‎‎ (300-540) K0 and found it decreases with the increasing of temperature like ‎a semiconductor, and resistivity and temperature were used to calculate the ‎activation energy. Activation energy results showed decreases when increase the Zn content in NiZn ferrites. Resistivity and activation energy both are increasing with high concentration of Mg ions. The dielectric properties are measured using (LCR) meter in the frequency ‎range of (100 Hz – 200 kHz), dielectric constant (εr'), the loss tangent ‎‎ (tanδ) and the loss factor (εr′′) are calculated from capacitance ‎data, that the dielectric parameters decrease with increase of the ‎frequency.‎ model. This behavior is typical of ferrite materials as explained by Koop’s model. Conductivity and dielectric loss were increased ‎with the increase of the Zn content for NiZn ‎ferrite, while conductivity and dielectric constant were decreased with increase the ‎amount of Mg ion for NiZnMg -ferrite.‎ Found the resistivity of samples increase the ‎amount of Mg batter than the models of sintered samples.

Abstract

Porous silicon (PS) layers have been prepared in this work by electrochemical etching (ECE) technique of a (111) p-type silicon wafer with resistivity (1.5-4 Ω.cm) in hydrofluoric (HF) acid of 20% concentration. Various affecting parameters were studied such as the current density (10, 20, 40, and 50 mA/cm2), and etching time (10, 20, and 40 min). We have studied the optical properties (Reflectivity), vibration properties (Raman), surface properties (FTIR), structural properties (XRD), morphological properties (AFM), and electrical properties (I-V, C-V, photocurrent, and photosensitivity). Also we prepared PS layers by ECE for p-n silicon at different current densities (5, 10, and 40 mA/cm2) with fixed etching time at 20 min, in 20% HF acid, in order to study the photovoltaic measurements for solar cell. The PS surface showed lower reflectance values compared with bulk silicon. Raman spectra measurements showed a broadened peak and shifted below 520 cm-1 for PS layers. In freshly prepared PS layer, the FTIR studies demonstrated the presence of silicon-hydrogen bonds, related to groups formed at the extended PS surface. As the PS layers were stored, various silicon-oxygen vibrational modes became apparent. X-ray diffraction showed when crystal size was reduced toward nanometric scale, then a broadening of diffraction peaks (111) were observed and the width of the peak was directly correlated to the size of the nanocrystalline domains. AFM images showed the PS layer had sponge like structure, and average diameter of pore and thickness of PS layer increased with increasing the current density and etching time. The electrical properties of prepared PS; namely current densityvoltage characteristics in dark, showed that the pass current through the PS layer decreased by increasing the current density and etching time, due to increase the resistivity of PS layer. The PS layer showed a rectifying behaviour with different rectification ratio. C-V measurements demonstrated that the charge carries decrease and width of depletion layer increase by increasing the current density and etching time. The photosensitivity measurements of prepared PS layer showed the peak value in visible region at (400-600nm) increased with increasing the current density and etching time.

Abstract

This thesis presents new, easy, and quick methods to prepare silver nano-particles at high concentrations without aggregate, non-toxic and free of pollution. The size and properties of these particles are controlled. The AgNPs are prepared the approach chemical reductive silver salt solution (AgNO3) with seven different methods. The main difference between the methods adopting different reducing agents and methods that used same reducing agents but of different quantities is explained. The AgNPs are found to be pure and stable for long time. Structures confirmed from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the crystillate size was determined using Scherrer's equation to be about 32 nm (for AgNPs were prepared by 1mM of AgNO3 reduce with 2 mM NaBH4). Effect of chemical solutions are studied utilizing absorption spectra measures. This is used to get knowledge of the better concentration for the preparation of NPs, which improves the efficiency of the generation of NPs in the manner of the chemical method. Solutions of NaBH4 at 2 mM, and (CTAB) at 0.8 mM, and oxalic acid at 14 mM, are found to enhance the efficiency for all the generation and the disperse, however, reduceing the aggregation of the AgNPs. Absorption spectra for AgNPs showed a sharp and single absorption peaks. In this search, the peak is extend between range 385-600 nm which indicates the generation of NPs of pure silver. Better concentration for the preparation of silver particles in different solutions such as for NaCl was 5 mM, and PVP at 6 mM, where this concentration enhances the efficiency for all generations, size, dispersion, and prevents aggregation of the NPs prepared. Nanocompsite matter was prepared from AgNPs, and a polymer PVA. Decrease band gab energy for polymer PVA is tuned by adding different concentrations of AgNPs (from 5.82 eV to 2.65 eV).

Abstract

In this work, a series of Cd1-xZnxS 0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.7 ternary thin films were prepared on glass substrates using chemical bath deposition (CBD ) method. An attempt was made to modify the band gap of CdS (2.4 eV) by preparing a mixed lattice with a high band gap material, ZnS (3.7 eV), giving a new set of materials. Cadmium sulphate, Zinc sulphate, and thiourea are used as the basic source materials in the deposition bath. Many growth parameters have been considered in this study to specify the optimum condition, namely (temperature of solution, pH, and deposition time) for properties Cd0.5Zn0.5S thin film. Structural, optical and electrical properties of Cd1-xZnxS thin films are investigated and analyzed extensively with respect to growth conditions. The Cd1-xZnxS films are annealed in air at temperatures (300) ºC at constant time of ( 60 min). Structure and surface morphology of Cd1-xZnxS thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force microscope (AFM), Optical Microscopic, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Measurements. The XRD indicates that all the grown films show only one diffraction peak located at (2θ= 26.7°) with hexagonal structure in predominant (002). The average grain size changes from (9.3nm to 4.48nm) with the increase in Zn- content (x = 0 to 0.65). It was found that as the Zn- content increases, the peak intensity decreases and for (x ≥ 0.7) the films have amorphous character. The values of lattice constant ‘a’ and ‘ c’ have been observed to vary with composition from (5.75 nm to 4.68 nm) and (6.66 nm to 6.62 nm), respectively, with the increase in Zn- content ( x = 0 - 0.65) . The AFM studies showed that the smooth surface texture was observed in the deposited Cd1-xZnxS films with (x= 0.3) , the surface roughness of the Cd1-xZnxS thin films is about ( 2.66nm to 9.47nm) and the root mean square (RMS) is about ( 3.41nm to 11.9nm) with increase in Zn- content (x = 0.3 to 0.6) .The optical microscopic measurement observes that films surface become increasingly coarse at increasing the Zn- concentration. The SEM exhibits that grains in the film are distributed to cover the surface of the substrate completely, the grains become small in diameters with increasing Zn-contents. The optical properties of Cd1-xZnxS thin films were studied by the transmittance, absorption coefficient and energy gap for deposition conditions (80ºC temperature pH= 10 and time 3h). The transmittance is measured in the range from ( 300 nm to 900 nm) for all the films, in the visible wavelength region, the average transmittance greater than (80 %) at Zn-content (x = 0 to 0.7). The Cd1-xZnxS thin films have high optical absorption coefficients where the value reaches at (1.2×105 cm-1). The energy band gap ( Eg) values of Cd1-xZnxS thin films are ( 2.4 eV to 3.4 eV) corresponding to the Zn-content ( x = 0 to 0.7) respectively. In other word, the optical band gap of Cd1-xZnxS thin films become wider as Zn-content increases. All the Cd1-xZnxS films show that the resistivity varied in the range ( 0.45× 103 Ω.cm to 5.9× 103 Ω.cm) corresponding to the Zn-content (x = 0 to 0.7), respectively. Also the activation energies Ea1 (0.124 eV to 0.833 eV) and Ea2 (0.063 eV to 0.277 eV) varied with the increasing Zn-content (x) in the films (x = 0 to 0.7). Hall measurements indicate that the Cd1-xZnxS thin films have same conduction type (n-type) conductivity. The carrier concentration and mobility values for Cd1-xZnxS thin films vary with zinc content , furthermore their values are (5.201× 10¹² cm-3- 1.263× 1012cm-3) and (140.5 5 cm2V-1S-1 - 22.435 cm2V-1S-1 ) respectively.

Abstract

In this work ZnO Nanoparticles were fabricated using Liquid Phase Pulse Laser Ablation technique and gives very simple, cheap and a single step method for the preparation of zinc oxide Nanoparticles with no need for any complex or expensive further steps. Also, It shows a long period of stability, less aggregation, non toxic and contamination colloidal Nanoparticles, In addition this work provides a controlled method to prepare Nanoparticles with a specific properties depended on the preparation conditions and laser parameters. In the present work, at which ablation of pure Zn metal target in DIW was accomplished using 9 nsec Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at (1.06 µm) laser wavelength , at different laser fluence and number of laser pulses, and the effect of these parameters on optical, photoluminescence, amount of ablated material, structural and surface morphology have been studied. The atomic absorption result shows that the amount of the ablated material is directly proportional to the laser fluence and number of laser pulses. The UV-Visible show a red shift in the absorption spectra related to the shift in the energy gap due to the size increase in the particle size with to higher laser fluence. A blue shift was however recognized with a larger number of laser pulses. The photoluminescence result gives a blue shift with the decrease in laser fluence and number of laser pulses. The X-Ray diffraction pattern revealed the presence of (100) plane related to ZnO wurtize structure. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy result shows that the intensity of the Zn-O bond vibrational mode is proportional directly to the laser fluence and the number of laser pulses. Grain size of the obtained NPs are found to increase with laser fluence and decreased with the number of laser pulses as shown by the AFM result.

Abstract

Abstract

In this work, we prepared a thin film of In2O3 by rapid thermal oxidation at different thickness (106-200-350-500nm) within a range of oxidation temperature (350-400-450C°). Two types of substrate have been used in this work; the structural, optical and electrical properties have been studies for those films which prepared on glass substrates. Also the films are deposited onto the second type p-n junction's silicon solar cells, to study the performance of this film as antireflection coating. The structural properties for the prepared films In2O3 were studied through tests optical microscope and X-Ray diffraction, it is appeared that the film, is polycrystalline. The optical properties show an increasing in transmission characteristics at the visible (400-700nm).the direct energy band gap have been increased with increasing the film thickness from (3.41-3.63eV),however for indirect it is increased with thickness from (2.25-2.65eV). The calculations also included some optical constants such that transmittance, absorption coefficient and refractive index. The electrical properties of In2O3 film, shows that the activation energy of the film to be about (0.5-0.38eV) in the range of temperature (30-150 C°) and results of Hall effect shows that the type of the film is (n-type) ,and that the Hall constant decreases as thickness increases. The measurement of the short circuit current-open circuit voltage show improved with conversion efficiency of the p-n junction solar cell after coating by In2O3 film an increases film thickness and oxidation temperature ( 3.95%) before coating it became (10.95%) after coating by In2O3 film 500nm thickness at 450C° oxidation temperature And through the study of the detectives properties ,the maximum spectral response at the wave length 800nm was (0.126A/W) before the coating improved after coating it became (0.45A/W) ,at the same wavelength, as for the Quantum efficiency ,it was( 1.95%) before the coating became ( 7%) at the same wave length by In2O3 film 500nm thickness at 450C° oxidation temperature . And at studying of the short circuit current-open circuit voltage of the solar cell before and after texturing and coating by In2O3 film show improved with conversion efficiency (0.29%) before texturing , while after texturing and coating by In2O3 film it became (3%) also show the measurement improved with spectral response and Quantum efficiency , was the maximum spectral (0.036A/W) before texturing at the wave length 800nm improved after texturing and coating by In2O3 film it became (0.24A/W) ,at the same wave length, as for the Quantum efficiency ,it was(0.55%) before the texturing it became ( 3.83%) after the texturing and coating this to make the film as anti reflecting coating .

Abstract

In this work ,the study of structural,optical and electrical properties of (CdTe) thin films which was prepared by thermal vacuum evaporation on glass substrate at room temperature, the annealing effect and CdCl2 heat treatment effect at (300˚C) temperature for (15min) time on the film properties was studied, in addition to study the effect of CdCl2 heat treatment for various molariries (0.1,0.2,0.3)M ,dipping time (5,10,15)min and anealing time (5,15,30)min on the properties of films . The structural studies have been performed by X-Ray diffraction technique which showed that the deposition film is polycrystalline in nature , and increasing in the grain size after annealing and CdCl2 treatment and contrast in appearence and disappearence of planes in crystal structure, optical microscope was employed to study the surface morphologies . From optical measurement , the deposited film have direct energy band gap (Eg) and it was found to be (1.56,1.54,1.48) eV for deposited films at room temperature and annealed without and with CdCl2 treatment at (300˚C) for (15min) respectively . The electrical measurements explained that D.C. conductivity increased after the film annealing and CdCl2 treatment and all films have two values of activation energy (Ea1) and (Ea2) and found that it decreased after annealing and CdCl2 treatment , from the study of Hall effect , all samples showed that (p-type) with carriers concentration (p) and mobility () increases after annealing and CdCl2 treatment , from the results of current – voltage characteristics for dark and illumination of CdTe thin films explain that the dark and photo current increased after annealing and CdCl2 heat treatment .

Abstract

Transparent Conducting Oxide (TCO) is a Special Type of Material, Since They have Metallic Electrical Conductivity and at same Time They are Highly Transparent and for a Wide Range of Wave length. The Band Gab They Have Makes Them suitably for a wide Rang of Application's Cadmium Oxide (CdO) is one of These Oxide, Which have been Used Studied Vastly and a different method have been used for the Deposition. in this Work we Oxidize Cadmium Thin Film's Which already Deposited by D.C Sputtering. During The Work, we Studied the Heat of annealing Temperature and annealing Time from the Work all Treated Film's was Polycrystalline with different Diagram according to annealing parameter. The plane (111) is the predominate and with the (200)&(220) the Cadmium plain appeared only for the Film annealing with (2)mint and (200º C) , also it is appeared with annealing Temperature (100º C) and (30)mint from the Optical measurement we a sure that the Band Gab is direct With value Ranged between (2.4-2.7)eV and the Transition are allowed direct certain Sample. Which Show littlie bit and this may be due to defect al Film's have high absorption Coefficient Ranged (104-105)cm-1 also Electrical measurement shoed They Activation Energy Ranged (0.013-0.12)eV which means that Fermi level is near by films have highly Electrical Conductivity (102 – 103) Ω-1.cm-1 which is Probability due to the Presence of Cadmium atoms.

Abstract

Use Iraqi Bauxite (64.2%) Alumina was calculated at (1400 ) and Grain gradient limited after add kaolin and Sodium Silicate to increase compaction bauxite grain and then addition different weight percentage from zirconia to mixture (20%, 15%, 10%, 5%). The samples were formed by using bi- axial pressing. These samples were fired in two temperatures (1200 , 1400 ) . Studies the physical properties (Shrinkage, density and porosity), thermal properties (thermal conductivity, thermal expansion , specific heat capacity, and thermal shock), mechanical properties (compression strength , and Diametrical strength). Found from measuring get simple change in (Shrinkage dimension and thermal expansion) with add ZrO2 , increasing of zirconia percentage leads to decreasing of (mass shrinkage , porosity, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity). And increasing of (density and compression strength). Add zirconia effected on properties from two side; first from side properties and another from side made zirconium silicate phase.

Abstract

The research involves the use of lightweight aggregate (perlite) with Portland cement to make perlite mortar using to Improve the thermal isolation and fire proof for masonry units. The cement:perlite ratio was [ 1:7, 1:5.6, 1:4.7, 1.4, 1:3.5] by volume. The research involves a study of mechanical, thermal and physical properties for all specimens that had been make in normal situation. One of the mechanical properties, which were study, is the percentage of flow to know the amount of flow ability and maintained between (90 – 100 %). Where the mechanical and physical tests are the 28 days air-dry density and compressive strength respectively. In addition, for the thermal properties that have been study are the thermal conductivity and time endurance on the flame for dry specimens in 60 day old. The other physical properties are the study of the effect of increasing the thickness or the amount of cement of specimens at the time endurance on fire. Generally the result shows that the increasing of cement quantity are improves the workability of the mortar and decreasing the water-cement ratio as comported to a mortar poor in cement moreover that rising up the value of compressive strength and air-dry density. In another hand the experimental work proof that the increasing of cement ratio on the mix (mortar) is effect negatively on the thermal properties of the dry mortar by increasing the value of the thermal conductivity and decreasing the time endurance on the fire for the tested specimens moreover that increase the cracks and make it show early. Moreover above, when we fix the cement:perlite ratio in the mortar and increasing the thickness of the specimens to study the physical properties We found that the increasing effect positively on the time endurance on the fire. In addition, from all physical and thermal experimental that has been making we found that the perlite is working like a scattering material for the heat, because of its porosity, that can contain the air inside it and this porosity make the heat transfer be slower as comported with another solid material, and for all of this, the perlite is one of most successful isolations for a heat less than 800 degrees.

Abstract

BaxSr1-xTiO3 (BST) ferroelectric nano powders were processed with three concentrations (x = 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9) by reacting TiO2 powder in aqueous solution of BaCl2 and SrCl2 using a technique known as oxalic acid route. A sintering process has been done at temperature (800oC, 1000 oC and 1100 oC) and a soaked time (1.5h, 2.5h, 4h), in this step, the solid phase reaction takes place between the constituents giving the ferroelectric phase. XRD analysis has been carried out in order to examine the appearance and the stability of the BST ferroelectric phase. Also the grain size obtained from this test which reached to (15.4, 34.65, 42.13 nm) for the three concentrations (x = 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9) respectively. The ferroelectric phase was subjected to several tests to obtain some of the BST ferroelectric properties. The microstructure test which gives a clearly observation about the distortion and the grain growth for the same subjected samples to the XRD analysis. Then, an electrical test involves a permittivity with temperature, the permittivity reached to (more than 530,700 and 500) at Curie temperature, while the loss factor reached (0.175, 0.19, and 0.2). The quality factor and the resistivity with temperature were examined too, all these tests have been done for the three concentrations of BST system. Moreover permittivity, loss factor and the quality factor with frequency in ranges (103 - 105 Hz) were studied and we found that these tests (permittivity, loss factor and quality) exhibit good stability in this range of frequency. The last test was the breakdown strength test. The BST apparent densities were (5.5, 5.5, 5.45) gm/cm3 for (x = 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9) respectively by using Archimedes law, while the bulk density and apparent porosity were calculated arithmetical. The shrinkage was too small for all of the three systems. In this investigation we found that the oxalic acid method is a good method to prepare a ferroelectric phase with high density and small porosity. The nano BST grains and the high density have large dependence in the electrical properties, which is clearly observed in the broaden of the permittivity and loss factor peaks, in other words the broaden indicated that the transition never depend on Curie temperature and this is an important property in microwave applications. The stability of the permittivity, loss factor and quality with frequency range (103 -105 Hz) imply to the good capability of using nano BST ferroelectric in tunable devices.

Abstract

تم تحضير متراكب بوليمري من بولي فانيل الكحول / بولي أنلين بعملية الاكسدة الكميائية للأنلين مستعملاً نوعين من العوامل المؤكسدة (6H2O. Fecl3) و (2H2O . Cucl2) وذلك بثلاث طرق تحضيرية:

1. تحضير نماذج من بولي فاينل الكحول بسمك (1 mm) ثم غمرها في مونو مير الانلين لمدة (3) أيام وبعد تجفيفها تم ادخالها في محاليل العوامل المؤكسدةالمحضرة بتراكيز مختلفة، وبأستخدام نوعين من المذيبات (الايثانول والاسيتونيترال)مستخدما فترات زمنية مختلفة لعملية البلمرة.
2. تحضير نماذج منبولي فاينل الكحول المحمل بالعامل المؤكسد (mm1) بتراكيز مختلفة وتم تعريضها الى بخار الانلين لمدة (12) يوم.
3. تحضير نماذج من بولي فاينل الكحول المحمل بالعامل المؤكسد(mm1) بتراكيز مختلفة وتم تعريضها الى بخار كل من الانلين وحامض الهيدروكلوريك بتركيز (1N) في انٍ واحد ولفترة زمنية محددة (7) أيام.

تم دراسة الخواص الكهربائية لنماذج المحضرة والتي تضمنت سلوك التيار الفولتية، التوصيلية الكهربائية وتأثير درجة الحرارة عليها. أظهرت النتائج ان النماذج المحضرة تمتلك خاصية توصيلية كهربائية والتي تعتمد على كل من تراكيز المحاليل المؤكسدة وزمن البلمرة وطريقة التحضير. تم التعرف على نوعية وتركيز وحركية حاملات الشحنة بتطبيق تأثير هول بينما طاقة التنشيط ونوع حاملات الشحنة بتطبيق تأثير سيبك والتي اظهرت ان حاملات الشحنة هي من نوع (P) واظهرت صفة أشباه الموصلات. تم التصوير المجهري وفحص X-ray لنماذج محددة.

Abstract

Structural, optical and electrical properties of copper sulfide films were investigated and analyzed extensively with respect to growth conditions. Annealing in vacuum at pressure 2x10-2 torr, different temperature (100,150,200,250 and 300) °C at constant time of 30 min, were adopted. The annealing process in different times (15,60,90,120, and 240) min at constant temperature of 200 ºC were adopted as well. The effects of doping on the properties of the films were studied. Two types of doping salts were used (AlCl3 & FeCl3) with four different weights (1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5) mg. From XRD, it has been fond that all films at different deposition parameters are amorphous, but annealed films showed some degree of crystallinity. Doping has no effect on the XRD. Optical measurements contained study of transmission and absorption by using spectrophotometer were carried out. Transmittance decreased with increasing the dipping number and doping weights, while the transmittance increased with increasing the time and temperature of annealing .The direct optical energy band gap range was between (2.17-2.56) eV. The electrical conductivity increased with increasing of dipping number, also with increasing the doping weight of Al .While the electrical conductivity deceased with the increasing of doping weight of Fe and with annealing time and temperature. The electrical conductivity was found to be (0.044- 45.453) (Ωcm)-1, whereas the activation energy was (0.115 -0.948) eV.

Abstract

the present work the compound of piezoelectric nanopowders with a general system PbZrxTi1-xO3 (PZT) at (x =0.3, 0.5 and 0.7) was prepared using organic acid precursor method. The prepared sample was subjected to some tests in order to obtain several of PZT piezoelectric properties. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used to examine the growth and stability of PZT piezoelectric phases. Then grain sizes were measured (39, 36 and 30 nm) for (x=0.3, 0.5 and 0.7) receptively. The microstructure of the prepared sample was studied by using optical microscope to observation the distribution and the grain growth. Physical properties such as bulk density, apparent density, apparent porosity and the shrinkage were measured, where the value of bulk density reached (5.78, 6.11, 5.9 gm/cm3) at 1100oC for 2h. On the other hand, the shrinkage value was (0.064, 0.034, and 0.042) at 700Co when compared with the values (0.0055, 0.011 and 0.0092) at 1100Co at different concentrations (x= 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7) respectively. Electrical properties such as dielectric constant (εr) and dielectric loss (tanδ) were measured as a function of temperature. The value of dielectric constant were reached to (1000, 1200 and 1050) at curie temperature, while the dielectric loss reached (1.1, 1.05 and 1.15) at different concentrations (x= 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7) respectively. In addition electrical resistivity (Ro) and quality factor (Q) were measured as a function of temperature. Also the dielectric strength was measured. Also (dielectric constant, dielectric loss and quality factor) were measured as a function of frequency at range (103-105 Hz), were (εr=270, 365 and 235), (tanδ=0.375, 0.275 and 0.42), (Q=2.7, 3.7 and 2.5) at different concentrations (x= 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7) respectively.

Abstract

In this project an optical communication system was designed and implemented to transmit one-video channel simplex technique with line of sight . The constructed simplex optical communication system consists of a transmitter ( uses a laser beam of a wavelength λ = 650 nm as a carrier wave in free space ), and a receiver ( uses PIN diode as a detector ) each in one side. Intensity modulation (IM) technique has been used to transmit video signal of a frequency range (0~5) MHz bandwidth The video signal fed by monitoring camera type (X3 ) 231 and the voice signal fed by Mic, each signal will be amplified and converted to a modulated intensity of laser beam, sent to the associated receiver . Each receiver converts the laser signal to a weak electrical signal ; the signal will be amplified and converted back to an analoque signal to produce the original transmitted signal, and sent to TV set to be monitored in black and white color video with sound . The transmission range for the present system was five meters , that can be developed to suit for longer range .

Abstract

In this work study, deposition method adopted using solution to deposit lead iodide layers, the method is easy, low cost, provides the possibility of large area deposition at required thickness and dose not need sophisticated techniques. This research studies the influence of deposition under different conditions and doping in the properties of lead iodide layers. Four different deposition conditions are used (deposited samples in dark, deposited samples in dark under the influence of a magnetic field, deposited samples in light, deposited samples in light under the influence of a magnetic field). Also two types of salts dopants were used with four different weights (0.002, 0.0025, 0.003, 0.0035 g) namely: (AlCl3 and CoCl2). Current study focused on structural, optical and electrical properties of layer prepared under different conditions and doping. The experimental results of XRD showed polycrystalline hexagonal structure with four main peaks which correspond to: [(001) (002) (003) (004)]. It is found that both deposition conditions and doping don’t affect on lead iodide structural. The optical measurements data were analyzed and interpreted in term of direct electronic transitions. Transmission spectrum of undoped and doped lead iodide layers exhibit a sharp increment start around (~520 nm) and it becomes sharper with doping. It was observed that lead iodide has wide direct band gap (2.3 eV), the energy gap is affected by depositions conditions and doping; it decreases as samples deposited in dark and with increased doping weight. The electrical measurements showed that the electrical conductivity of PbI2 varies according to deposition conditions and doping. Pure samples showed highest value for sample which's deposited in dark with applied magnetic field (5.05x10-9Ω-1cm-1) and it increased when the film is illuminated by light to (5.15x10-8 Ω-1cm-1). The doped samples showed increasing in the value of dark current with increasing doping weight. The best ratio of photoconductivity to dark conductivity ( ) obtained from doping sample by (Co) doping in weight (0.002g). Also the activation energies determined for different samples and their values changed by the range of (0.38 - 0.162 eV).

Abstract

In this work CdO films were prepared by using chemical bath deposition technique, which is a simple, inexpensive and suitable technique for large deposition area. The cadmium nitrate salt was used as a source of cadmium ions, many growth parameters have been considered in this work to specify the optimum conditions, namely (cadmium ion concentration, deposition time, temperature of solution and pH value).The structure, optical and electrical properties of CdO films are investigated and analyzed extensively with respect to growth conditions. Annealing in air at different temperatures (548, 573, 598, and 623k) at constant time of (15min.), X-Ray diffraction technique has confirmed the formation of cadmium oxide (CdO), and proved that the optimum deposition conditions which produce pure phase of CdO are through molarity of nitrate 0.2M, 80C°, pH=9 and at deposition time of 30min. The average grain size increases with annealing process due to relaxation in the tensile strain for deposition films. High quality films are achieved by adding KCN solution, leading to increasing in average grain size, transmission, and electrical conductivity from 16nm, 75%, and 88 (Ω.cm)-1 to 36nm, 85%, and 365(Ω.cm)-1 respectively after KCN solution added. The values of thermal activation energies in low and high temperature regions could be altered with deposition conditions, where changed from 0.1532eV and 0.2825eV to 0.2910eV and 0.3650eV respectively after KCN added to the preparation solution. The CdO film has two values of activation energies as a result of polycrystalline structure. The CdO film which was deposited by bath contain to the KCN solution, the concentration and mobility of carriers reach to values of 4.5*1019 cm-3 and 50.69 cm2/V.sec respectively.

Abstract

In this work magnetic water was prepared and its properties were studied. Also CaCO3 and CaC2O4 solutions characteristics were studied, which represent the basic components to form scales in the equipments and systems that are in touch with water, calcium oxalate also forms kidney stone. The magnetic field that was used was supplied by electrical magnets, where the magnetic field values were between (0.06-1T), at exposure time of magnetic field (5-35 min). In the first stage of research, tap water was exposed to a magnetic field between (0.06-0.4T) with exposure time ranging between (5-35min). After studying the characteristics of exposed tap water, it was found that the pH value was increased from (7.2 to 7.6) and the conductivity increased from 700(µs/cm) to 725(µs/cm), TDS values also increased from 300 to 340 (ppm), while surface tension was decreased from 0.073 to 0.058 N/m. The second stage of research covers some characteristics of calcium carbonate solution, also morphology and nature of its scales using optical microscope. It was found that after exposing tap water to the magnetic field, pH value were increased from 7.7 to 7.86 and conductivity increased from 140 to 170 (µs/cm), while TDS values were increased from 50 to 80 (ppm). Morphology of calcium carbonate was observed after, exposing it to magnetic field. It was found that the scale was light little adhesion to surface. The third stage of this research deals with calcium oxalate solution, after exposing it to the magnetic field varying from (0.3 to 1)T and exposing time (5-30 min). It was found that the conductivity increased from 50 to 100(µs/cm), TDS values were increased from 50 to 85(ppm).The morphology of CaC2O4 precipitates after magnetic treatment was smooth with little adhesion to surface. Finally it was concluded that the magnetic treatment reduces the scales in the instruments and also has good medical advantages.

Abstract

This study was performed by using Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Type (Novolac) as basic material for the composite material and added to (14%) of the Hardened hexamine tetra mine (HMTA) while the granules of Iraqi oil coal as a supporting material. Samples were prepared in two different percentages of the Reinforcement material (Iraqi oil Coal) in (5%) and in (10%) . After that a study was performed for some of the physical characteristics of the samples and a comparison was made between the results obtained from them. The mechanical characteristics which were studied were represented by the bending test and the impact test. Also the dispersion factor was calculated after submerging the samples simultaneously for a defined period of time in each of distilled water and kerosene and generally the result showed regarding the mechanical the mechanical characteristics. The increase of these characteristics for the mixing percentage determined by (10%) and these two percentages were taken as basis not to concentrate on them in the previous researches and at these two percentages and as follows: In the bending test the module of Elasticity (E) were greater in the percentage of coal amounting (5%) and around (1.024 kn/m2) compared with (0.57 – 0.326 kn/m2) At the mixing percentage amounting (10%). And for the impact test also the impact resistance ranged between (2.24 kj/m2) For the mixing percentage amounting (5%) from the mixing percentage amounting (10%) which ranges between (1.52 kj/m2 – 1.44 kj/m2). In the permeability and dispersion test the samples of mixing percentage amounting (10%) for the oil coal showed resistance to dispersion weaker than the samples of mixing percentage amounting (5%) in kerosene and water respectively.

Abstract

The oxidation of carbon monoxide CO over supported noble metal catalyst is an important part of the catalytic control in sealed-off TEA CO2 laser system. Despite the large number of researches dealing with the subject, kinetics of reaction is still unsettled. However, this project falls into three parts focused on oxidation CO to CO2 over supported noble metal catalysts: The first part is to determine the activity of supported noble metal catalysts (i.e. Pt/Al2O3, Pd/Al2O3) in removal CO as CO2 gas phase, and study the effect of reaction rate parameter k (sec ) on conversion processes of CO to CO2 at =2500 (sec) by using model of first order reaction at isothermal conditions. The second part is to calculate CO2 production rates for the steady state oxidation of CO over supported noble metal catalyst such as (Pt/Al2O3) in mathematical models at temperature T=473(K) and pressure p=1(atm) that produce for Herz & Marin model-I and for Herz & Marin model-II. Then they are compared with Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson rate, which is about . Also, these results improve first order reaction in CO2 at low concentration of CO. The effect of temperatures range (476K to 570K) on CO2 rates ( ) was also investigated and shows the same behavior of first order reaction in CO2. Finally, according to the results of CO2 production rates ( ) of Herz & Marin model-I and II, the volume of catalyst ( ) was calculated by using the numerical evaluation of integral space time ( ) at constant volume (i.e. dv/dt=0) and volumetric flow rate Q=10(cm . sec ) which give a technological path to design catalyst reactor in sealed-off CO2 laser system for the experimental part.

Abstract

The effect of laser to killing & inactivate wounds bacteria has been studied, in order to using it as an active method for sterilization & treatment. To achieve that, two types of pathogen wounds bacteria were used, which isolated from the wounds patients at Al – kindee hospital , they were : Staphylococcus aureus & Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Photosensitization technique was applied as a method for bacterial killing using Toludine blue – O (photosensitizers) conjugated with three types of lasers that emitted in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum:  Argon laser with power of 150 mW , and wavelength of 514 nm , was used at the first time for bacterial killing field by photosensitization technique.  Nd:YVO4 laser with power of 10 mW , and wavelength of 532 nm, was used at the first time for bacterial killing field by photosensitization technique.  He – Ne laser , with power of 5 mW , and wavelength of 632.8 nm. Bacteria were irradiated after spread it on the nutrient medium (blood agar) by using four concentrations of the photosensitizer Toludine blue – O (0.01 , 0.05 , 0.1 ,0.2)% (w/v) at 1 cm & 50 cm (distance from the irradiation source) , for S . aureus. For P. aeruginosa and mixture of two bacteria , the concentrations using were reduced to 0.01 , 0.05 , 0.1 % (w/v) , and the distance between the irradiation source and the sample was choosed as 50 cm only . All of samples were irradiated without using the Toludine blue – O (0.0 % (w/v)) . The irradiation results revealed appearance of a clear bacterial killing regions equivalent to laser spot size diameter (and more of that) when the two types of bacteria and their mixture were irradiated by Argon laser at all dyes concentrations & all irradiation periods which range 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 8 minutes by comparison with the Nd:YVO4 and He – Ne lasers . Bacterial killing regions were obtained when S . aureus bacteria were irradiated by Argon laser for 1 minute at 0.01 % (w/v), whereas bacterial killing regions were noticed during irradiating for 8 minutes by He – Ne laser & for 12 minutes by Nd:YVO4 laser using 0.05 % (w/v) at 1 cm & 50 cm (from the irradiation source and the sample) . In addition , Bacterial killing regions were equivalent to laser spot size diameter (and more of that) were obtained when the tow types of bacteria and their mixture irradiated by Argon laser without using the Toludine blue – O (laser alone) , whereas no any Bacterial killing regions appeared when they irradiated by Nd:YVO4 & He – Ne lasers alone (without using photosensitizer) even the period irradiation reached to 15 minutes. On the other hand , the 0.1 % (w/v)concentration of Toludine blue – O dye was considered as an ideal concentration, when it using as a photosensitizer conjugated with laser light to form the photochemical reaction , because the Bacterial killing regions were noticed for all treatments with three types lasers irradiations and for all irradiation periods . In this study , increasing of P. aeruginosa bacteria sensitivity to killing by photosensitization technique were revealed , by the comparison with the S . aureus bacteria when using the Toludine blue – O dye conjugated with three types of lasers, the best diameter for bacterial killing were obtained about 6 mm when P. aeruginosa bacteria were irradiated by Argon laser for 3 minutes by using 0.1 % (w/v) of the photosensitizer, whereas bacterial killing diameter was about 5 mm when S . aureus bacteria irradiated by Argon laser for 4 minutes by using the same photosensitizer concentration . On the other hand, the results were revealed that there is no a clear differences of Bacterial killing regions formation when S . aureus bacteria were irradiated at 1 cm or 50 cm (the distance between the irradiation source and the sample) .

Abstract

Construction of Pulsed Laser Ablation (PLA) system has been carried out. Nd:YAG pulsed laser has been employed to prepare silicon films constituting silicon nanoparticles. Various laser parameters were examined to produce films of different properties such as the laser energy, laser fluence, number of pulses and the targetsubstrate distance. We have studied the optical, structural and some electrical properties of the deposited films. Optical properties were included like the transmission, absorption, electronic and photoluminescence while a study on the structural properties was carried out using x-ray diffraction and the film morphology. Moreover, J-V characteristic in the dark and under light illumination have been conducted to study some of the film electrical properties. Our experimental data have been fitted with the theoretical quantum confinement model to analyze the photoluminescence curves and estimate the nanoparticle sizes and their distribution. From the optical transmission studies, we have found that the band gap of the nanostructured films lies between (1.5 – 2.4) eV due to the existence of various nanoparticle sizes in the deposited film. Furthermore, the photoluminescence (PL) spectra indicate that the estimated band gap lies between (1.6 – 2.4) eV. The corresponding nanoparticle sizes contributing the PL emission is in the range (22 – 38) A°. These results were found to be inconsistent with that obtained by the x-ray analysis. Finally, it was observed that the film morphology is significantly affected by the laser fluence and the target-substrate distance. Therefore, one could prepare various films suitable for different applications.

Abstract

The project involved the preparation of two-polymer blends of Poly-Propylene (PP), and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) in different proportions (50-100)% with the aim of arriving at the best physical blending percentage. For this purpose, a single-screw extruder is used in test-sample preparation, followed by hot-press several plates extruded along opposite directions. In order to study the influence of blending on the mechanical properties and some physical properties, several tests are performed included (tensile, compression, bending strength, impact resistance, creep and relaxation time, thermal conductivity, and dielectric constant, diffusion test using alkaline(KOH), acidic(HNO3), and saline(CaCl2) solution, in addition to optical microscopy and thickness measurement of extruded plate-samples ). Longitudinal and transverse tensile tests are performed for the extruded test-samples while for pressed - plate samples only longitudinal tensile test is done. In both cases, results reveal that the best blending percentage is (80/20)%(PP/HIPS), derived from tensile and ultimate stress when compared with those for pure pressed materials. Test results of extruded test samples show elongation percentage improvement with improved mechanical properties . From the calculations of modulus of elasticity for tensile, bending and compression, and from hardness tests, the best blending percentage is (70/30)%(PP/HIPS), also at this blending percentage, the greatest creep rate and relaxation times are realized. Impact resistance results show that for all blending percentages are lower than that for pure (HIPS), with some improvement for the blending percentages (50/50)%, (60/40)%, (90/10)% of (PP/HIPS) as compared to pure polypropylene. Thermal conductivity results are found to vary between those for pure polypropylene and high-impact polystyrene except for the blending percentages (70/30)% and (90/10)% (PP/HIPS) which appear higher. Dielectric tests reveal that the dielectric constant, in general, shows higher value than that for pure polypropylene and high-impact polystyrene . Diffusion coefficient tests results show the highest obtained value is for the (60/40) % and (50/50) % (PP/HIPS) blends, while for the other blend percentages it varies between that for polypropylene and high-impact polystyrene with some apparent improvement due to the effect of chlorides on the blends except of the (50/50)%(PP/HIPS) blend. Thickness measurements reveal that plate thickness increases with increase of (HIPS) percentage, with gradual decrease in brightness of samples, greatest brightness is observed in the (90/10)%(PP/HIPS) blend. Pure polypropylene appears transparent. Optical microscopy shows increase in crystallinity with gradual increase in nucleation reaching nucleation in high-impact polystyrene.

Abstract

In this research, Nickel Sulphide thin films have been prepared by Spray Pyrolysis deposited on thin glass substrate at 513±278kº to study their structural, optical & electrical properties, Nickel Sulphide thin films have been prepared by using 0.05M Nickel Chloride aqueous solution & Thioria aqueous 0.05 M. The effect of annealing on thin films at 350Co temperature & time of 60min was also studied. The results of (X – ray) diffraction showed that NiS thin films have amorphous structure, but the annealed films started to have a polycrystalline structure. Optical microscope showed that the annealing of films had reduced the surface deformation. The optical measurements show that the films have relatively high absorption coefficient(1.8×105cm-1) at wavelength from 950nm up to 1200nm & the absorption coefficient reduce with the annealing (1.05×105cm-1). The energy gap was increase when the films annealed from(1.05)eV up to)1.16)eV for the direct–allowed transition and from(0.99)eV to (1.06)eV for the an-allowed transition and(0.96)eV to(1.045)eV for an direct–allowed transition an from(0.9)eV to(1.0(1eV for an-allowed-in direct transition. Through studying the electrical conductivity, it has been found that it decreases with annealing at temperature of 623ko, the activation energy for un-annealed thin film was (0.7eV) but after annealed it was (0.8eV). Seebak effect showed that all films are P–type for the annealed and un-annealed films.

Abstract

An analytical study of spectral lines (in soft x-ray region) of laser produced plasma (LPP) is carried out. The work is concentrated on two main points, firstly: studying of the opacity broadening of spectral lines and secondly: studying the escape factor of photons. The opacity broadening and escape factor are studied for Al, C, Mg, Si, Ge and LiF plasmas, the selected wavelengths was (6–35 Å) which have a lot of applications in many fields such as biological applications (x-ray microscopy), integrate circuit industry , x-ray laser , x-ray source etc . The opacity broadening is studied as a function of plasma size and plasma density, the effect of the difference between energy levels of emission spectral lines on opacity of plasma is also studied. The escape factor which represents the probability of photons to escape from plasma is studied as a function of opacity. From our results that have been obtained one can notice that the opacity of plasma increases with increases in size and density of plasma, atomic number of target and also it is increases with decreases the difference of energy between energy levels of spectral lines. We notice also that the escape factor is increases with decreases the opacity, where the escape factor of spectral line of higher series member transitions is very large compare with the escape factor of spectral line of lower series member transitions ,and also we found that the escape factor is decreases with increases the atomic number of the target .

Abstract

In this research, Copper Sulphide thin films have been prepared by spray pyrolysis to study their structural , optical & electrical properties by using 0.1M Copper nitrate aqueous solution & Thioria aqueous 0.1M & 0.4M . The films were doped with Aluminum by 1%, 2%, 3% ratios. In addition to this the effect of annealing on the undoped thin films at 200Co temperature & different times of 60min. & 120min. were investigated . The results of ( X – ray ) diffraction showed that the doped and undoped have amorphous structure , but the annealed films start to have a polycrystalline structure . The films prepared with a low ratio of Thioria have a high amounts of Chalcocite phase. Optical microscope showed that the annealing & doping of films had reduce the surface deformation. The optical measurements show that the films with low ratio of Thioria have relatively high absorption coefficient & the absorption coefficient increase with the doping ratio & reduce with increase the Thioria concentration & annealing time. The allowed direct energy gap was reduced with doping & increase when the films annealed. Through studying the electrical conductivity, it has been found that it increase with increasing of doping ratio & decreases with annealing at temperature of 200Co . But Thioria concentration is the mean operator acting in the electrical conductivity where conductivity increase with increasing Thioria concentration. Seebak effect showed that all films are P - type.

Abstract

The number buildup factor (B.U.F) for two source and 1.012 mCi (37.444 MBq) and 1.304 mCi (48.248MBq) using scintillation detector (3"×3") NaI(Tℓ) to the Iraqi powders of black carbon (B.C) and graphite after mixing with remnant binder material (epoxy risen) with mixing ratios 40% and 50% ,were studied in this research. Four cylindrical shields were made with diameter of 6.2cm, two from black carbon (B.C) with mixing ratio 40% and 50% and another two from graphite, with thickness between (0.5-7.58)cm for each shields .the linear attenuation coefficients and buildup factor were calculated. Empirical equations (Capo, Berger, Power, Taylor, and Exponential) were used to fit the experimental buildup factor data. The fitting were successful with equations (Capo, Berger, Power) and the Average Percentage Diversion estimated to be (0.16% , 0.21%, 0.22%) respectively, large diversion were noticed when (Taylor, Exponential) equations been used with A.P.D (0.36% , 0.71%) respectively. The result illustrating that the buildup factor with energy 1.25 MeV for black carbon and graphite (40% and 50%) with thickness between (0-0.5398 ) and (0-0.7541) m.f.p respectively, highly depends on the mixing ratios, bulk density and type of material. Reductions in buildup factor values were noticed with increasing the mixing ratios, bulk density. Moreover the buildup factor values for black carbon found to be higher than that for graphite. Result also shows, that the buildup factor with energy 0.662 MeV for both black carbon and graphite with 50% mixing and thickness rang between (0-8421) m.f.p , a little increase for black carbon of thickness . No effect for mixing ratios, bulk density and type of material were noticed at this energy. There is an increased in buildup factor values when the radiation energy increased.